Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Semester 2 SG
study guide for the final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how is probability related to genetic crosses | to predict the traits of genetic crosses |
| identical alleles are called | homozygous |
| what is the principle of independent assortment | during gamete formation, different traits separate without influencing the other's inheritance |
| example of a polygenic trait | skin color, hair color |
| describe incomplete dominance | one gene isn't completely dominant over another |
| if a heterozygous plant is crossed with a recessive plant, what is the probability that the next generation will have the dominant trait | 50% |
| explain what happens in crossing over | chromosomes are copied, but not identically; they mix and match |
| example of Mendel's principles of dominance and segregation | 2 heterozygous parents produce an albino offspring |
| Mendel's principles apply to what type of organisms | all organisms |
| difference between genotype and phenotype | genotype: the alleles; phenotype is the physical appearance |
| how does the environment affect genetic traits | color of fur, hair; different conditions; cold temperature; acidic soil |
| how amny alleles are inherited from each parent | 1 from each parent |
| end result of meiosis | 4 genetically different cells |
| difference between a haploid number and diploid number | diploid number is twice the haploid number |
| gametes are produced by what process | meiosis |
| what information is stored in the nucleus of a cell | DNA |
| describe the information held in an organism's DNA | stored information; can be copied and passed on |
| what happens when pieces of DNA are missing | information is lost |
| when DNA replicates, what is the result | 1 old strand + 1 new strand |
| how is RNA diffent from DNA | RNA contains the base pair uracil |
| which type of RNA brings genetic code from the nucleus to the rest of the cell | mRNA |
| what happens during RNA transcription | RNA molecules are produces |
| how do you know that organisms have common ancestors | they have similar structures |
| what happens to populations when they are geographically isolated | they become diffent species |
| define homologous structures | different structures that develop from the same embryonic tissue |
| if the genes of 2 different species are similar, how closely are they related | more DNA the same, more similar species |
| what is necessary for natural selection to occur | genetic variation in the species |
| what happens to an organism's DNA when chemicals are applied | mutations that alter the allele frequencies |
| how can mutations be beneficial | they make the organisms better adapted to their environment |
| what evidence supports the concept of natural selection | nearly universal genetic code |
| what are vestigials structures | structures that are no longer useful |
| how did Darwin view the fossil records | used to support his theories |
| fossilized bones that are similar to living organisms show | common descent |
| Darwin's theory of evoluation explains what | species can become extinct, evolve from common ancestors, evolution takes place in the natural world |
| what information is shown in the fossils | structure, environment, way of life: index fossils |
| define plate tectonics | land masses used to connect like puzzle pieces |
| microspheres are like cells because they have a | selectively permeable membranes to support life |
| what dows the endosymbiotic theory explain | communities formed by prokaryotes |
| how does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic diversity | genes from 2 parents are mixed and remixed before passing on to offspring |
| in the early atmosphere, which cells evolved without oxygen | the first prokaryotes |
| what were the components of the early Earth's atmosphere | carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen |
| what are the building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| what is included in selective breeding | hybridization, inbreeding, induced mutations |
| what is genetic engineering | processes that make changes to in DNA; making transgenic organisms |
| how is recombinant DNA produced | DNA from 2 different sources |
| what are the advantages of making transgenic organisms | increasing the food supply |
| how can prospective parents determine if they are carrying recessive alleles for disease | genetic testing |
| what does DNA fingerprinting show | nobody has identical DNA; everyone has a unique fingerprint |
| what are the advantages and disadvantages of GM crops | reduces the need for cross pollination; higher yield crops |
| in what structure does fertilization occur | fallopian tube |
| what is the first step in fertilization | sperm attaches to the egg |
| when is the fetal heartbeat detectable | 4 to 6 months |
| placenta has what function | provides nutrients to the fetus |
| list the order of events in the process of childbirth | amniotic sac breaks-contractions begin; baby is delivered; umbilical cord is clamped; placenta and amniotic fluid are expelled |
| hypertension leads to what conditions | heart attack, stroke, kidney damage |
| how does tobacco affect the body | increase in heart rate and blood pressure; reduces ability to get oxygen in lungs; damages cilia in trachea (leading to lungs) |
| describe plaque build-up in blood vessels | build up in wall of blood vessel;s |
| pathogens cause what | disease |
| how are infectious diseases spread | coughing, sneezing, physical contact, contaminated food or water, infected animals |
| what are body's defenses against disease | mucus, sweat. tears |
| non-specific defenses are | skin |
| specific defenses are | immune system, white blood cells |
| name public health measures that helped fight disease | regulating food supply, monitoring water supply, promoting vaccinations |
| the largest part of the brain is | cerebrum |
| what is binomial nomenclature used to describe | assigning every organism a universally accepted name, according to its system |
| a genus contains what subgroup | species |
| difference between traditional and evolutionary classification | traditional: visible similarities and differences; evolutionary: common descent |
| what is the purpose of cladistics analysis | the order in which derived characteristics appear |
| all organisms have what in common | DNA that is passed on to the next generation |
| eukaryotes include which kingdoms | protits, plants, fungi, and animals |
| how are Kingdom Fungi described | heterotrophs with cell walls made of chitin; they digest food by using enzymes outside the body, then absorbing nutrients |
| why did classification start with 2 kingdoms, but later organize into 5 kingdoms | scientists learned more about genetics and biochemistry to separate the types of organisms |
| inicellular organisms that live in extreme environments are in which domain | Archaea |
| during translation | cells use mRNA to make proteins |
| the correct sequence of transferring information is | DNA to RNA to protein |
| most mutations | have no effect on the organism |
| the graphic with the 3 metter codes is called | the genetic code |
| 3 letter codes determine | the amino acids |
| if DNA is double stranded, then RNA is | single stranded |
| if the base pairs in DNA are A--T, C--G, then the base pairs in RNA are | A--U, C--G |
| vasular tissue in plants | xylem carries nutrients from the roots up; phloem carries them down |
| in eukaryotic cells, where is DNA located | in the nucleus |
| plant embryo, food supply, and protective covering are part of what | gametophyte |
| during pollination, pollen is carried to | the female reproductive structures |
| gametophytes in gymnosperms are called | cones |
| plant embryos develop in | the ovary |
| seed plants are held in the ground by | roots |
| plant stems carry water and nutrients | between roots and leaves |
| plant organs that carry out photosynthesis | leaves |
| female flower structures include | ovary, stigma, and style |
| creating animals that share characteristics is | hybridization |
Created by:
Tyl3r10959
Popular Biology sets