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Ch. 23 vocabulary
Acquired Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active immunization | (active vaccination) child given weakened (attenuated)/killed viral inject. given to children to induce disease to immune system--provides lifelong immunity |
| Agglutination | all antibody molecules--2 or more binding sites--can cross-link bacteria/other microbes together--2nd antibody can cross-link 3rd cell and so on--each microbe has many antigens on surface--large aggregates of microbes can be formed |
| Allergens | substance that provokes an allergic response by inducing IgE production |
| Allergic | sensitivity to specific antigens (Ags) such as ragweed, bee venom, strawberries, etc.--produce large quantities of IgE when exposed to these Ags |
| Anaphylactic hypersensitivity | type 1 reaction (IgE-mediated hypersensitivity) allergic or anaphylactic hypersensitivity where IgE molecules bound to basophils and mast cells bind allergens, which causes release of histamine and other potent active chemicals |
| Anaphylactic shock | when histamine is released throughout the body (systemically)--blood pressure can drop precipitously and death occur in minutes |
| Antibody (Ab) | (ab) protein molecule of the immune system that binds Ags |
| Antigen-presenting cell (APC) | typically macrophages, dendritic cells, or other B cells |
| Antigens (Ag) | usually proteins or polysaccharides--recognized by the body as foreign matter |
| Atopic | people with high levels of IgE with resultant allergies |
| B lymphocytes | (B cell) antibody-producing cells |
| Cell-mediated immunity | immunity conferred by white blood cells, especially T cells--ridding the body of infected human cells, particularly virally infected cells |
| Clonal deletion | when B and T cells recognize self as Ags early in a person''s life, these cells are deleted. |
| Complement fixation | When IgG or IgM bind to an Ag--expose a site in Fc region--initiates binding of complement proteins |
| Constant region | rest of the chains--including the lower 2/3 of the Fab regions |
| Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) | express CD8 protein on the surface--kill virally infected cells and may cause tissue graft rejection |
| Degranulate | activated cells that release histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic reactions, such as hay fever and anaphylactic shock--may occur within one to fifteen minutes |
| Delayed hypersensitivity | Type IV hypersensitivity (cell-mediated immunity reaction)--mediated by immne cells--no Abs involved--most distruction due to Tc cells--takes 1-2 days--cells migrate from blood stream to affected tissues before damage is observed |
| Epitope | recognized amino acid--antibodies may recognize just a single amino acid in a protein |
| Fragment antigen binding (Fab) | upper fragments of antibody--uppermost parts contain actual Ag binding sites |
| Globulin | globular, or roundish, (folded into a ball) protein |
| Haptens | small chemicals that fit into the antibody-binding site |
| Histamine | causes an allergic reaction |
| Humoral immunity | antibodies stay in the fluid--(old name for body fluids was humors)--antibody-mediated immunity |
| Immediate hypersensitivity | IgE antibodies are already bound before Type I hypersensitivity occurs, it occurs immediately (usually in several minutes) |
| Immune complex diseases | complexes fix complement, including C3b, recruits phagocytes that end updestroying complexes along with surrounding host tissue--frequent cause of serious damage |
| Immunization | general process of increasing a specific type of body's immune capability to a living or inanimate Ag. |
| Immunogen | stimulating antigen--complex as in a protein |
| Immunoglobulin | (Ig) name given to antibody proteins as they have been isolated from the blood |
| Inducibility | contact with foreign material stimulates immunity |
| Interleukins | a subset of cytokines that are made by leukocytes |
| Isoagglutinins | naturally occurring antibodies |
| Lymphocytes | subset of leukocytes--responsible for acquired immunity by specifically recognizing foreign Ags.--originate in the bone marrow |
| Major histocompatibility complex | (MHC) protein receptors found in 2 forms--MHC-1--found on all cells (exept RBCs)--MCHII--found primarilly on macrophages and B cells |
| Mediators | chemicals released from granules--allergy and anaphylaxis |
| Memory | subsequent exposure results in a faster and greater response to the identical foreign material |
| Memory cells | daughter cells of B lymphocytes--produces at the same time remain essentially identical to first B cell, now are large numbers |
| Monoclonal antibodies | every cell in a population secretes exact same antibody--came from one clone or cell--homogeneous and recognizes only a single epotpe |
| Nonself | foreign Ags |
| Opsonization | when IgG binds to antigens, Fc portion of antibody changes configuration such that a specific receptor on the phagocytes binds them tightly--most efficient when the Ag contains many bound Ab molecules |
| Passive immunization | type of immunization but not vaccination--transfer specific antibodies from one individual to another suspected of having recent exposure to same microbe--immunity last only a few months as transferred IgG is degraded |
| Perforin | toxic protein secreted by Tc cells as they recognize specific epitopes on surface of infected cells--opens channels/holes in infected cells and kills them to discontinue production of microbes |
| Plasma cells | resultant daughter cells of B lymphocytes--start secreting antibodies of same type that originally bound the Ag |
| Polyclonal antibodies | usually result naturally as from a vaccination with measles virus |
| Precipitate | smal Ab-Ag complexes can be precipitated in lab by placing samples in citrifuge and precipitates the aggregates at the bottom of the tube--aggregate at tube bottom called a pellet/precipitate |
| Receptors | serface proteins--recognize or are recognized by ohter cells--called MHC |
| Secondary antibody | binds to human antibodies--usually made in a goat, which willl recognize human antibodies as foreign--contains linked enzyme for ELISA assay--positive in western blot analysis--reacts with a single, specific protein that will not show false positives |
| Self | our own Ags |
| Sensitization | early exposures that lead to IgE binking to cells--person becomes sensitive to that particular allergen |
| Serum sickness | pt's immune system responds in 7-10 days of horse antibodies by making its own antibodies--severe immune response would occur with gen. fever and inflammation of blood vessels and organs |
| Specificity | resultant immunity recognizes only the stimulatory agent |
| T cell receptor | T lymphocytes have a specific surface receptor for recognizing foreign antigens--not antibody molecules--recognize many different antigens |
| T helper cells (Th) | express another protein on their surgaces--called CD4--marker, like a flag--used to identify cell |
| T lymphocytes | (T cell)--leaves bone marrow and travels to thymus for maturation |
| T suppressor cells (Ts) | (cytotoxic T (Tc)) T cells that express CD8 protein on the surface--dampen an immune proliferation response so that it stops when an adequate level is reached |
| T-dependent response | (T cell-dependent) antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are both formed |
| T-independent response | no Th cell involved--plasma cells are produced to make antibodies, no memory cells formed--responses do not yield long-term immunity |
| Tolerance | to self Ags--occurs when new immune cells form--if new immune cells recognize self-Ags, they fail to mature and die |
| Vaccination | stimulation of an immune response that protects against a specific infectious agent that lives |
| Variable region | binding ends of the FAB (including the ends of light and heavy chains) highly variable in amino acid sequence--amino acid sequence varies from oneAb to another in this region--single individual can bind a million different epitopes |
| Weal and flare | local skin lesion--red and raised--watery inside |
| Western blot analysis | (blank) |
Created by:
heatherlvn
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