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Ch. 21 questions
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a portal of entry? | the site at which pathogenic microbes gain access to tissue that can be infected |
| Name some portals of entry in humans | mouth, nose, GU tract, cuts in the skin, mosquito bites that penetrate into the blood and the placenta |
| Distinguish the survival abilities of intracellular and extracellular pathogens | intracellular--cause infection--microbes have developed ability to escape phagocytic killing mechanisms--extracellular--cause infection by ability to remain outside of phagocytic cells |
| Define and distinguish primary and opportunistic pathogens | primary--can invade and infect healthy hosts--opportunistic--normally nonpathogens can't be warded off by individuals whose immune systems are compromised |
| what individuals are generaly predisposed to infection with opportunistic pathgens? | tissue transplant patients and people with immunodeficiencies--often predisposed to infection with opportunistic pathogens |
| Differentiate a virulent organism from a virulence factor | virulent organism--one that causes a disease--virulence factors--enzymes and toxins allow an organism to evade the host immune system |
| How do the concepts of infectious dose and virulence differ from each other? | infectious dose--nu ber of bacterial cells required to establish infection--virulence--bacterium's ability to infect host in spite of host's defences |
| Give 2 factors that allow different microbes to attach or adhere to target cells | fimbriae and lipoteichoic acid of gram-positive cells are factors--allow different microbes to attach/adhere to target cells |
| How do endotoxins and exotoxins differ? | endotoxins--released only when microbe is damaged/lysed--exotoxins--purposefully secreted from the microbe |
| What does botulinum toxin do? | after eaten in food, botulinum toxin penetrates the intestinal wall and blocks transmission of nerve-muscle signals |
| What kind of toxin is LPS(lipopolysaccharide)? In what kind of bacteria do you find LPS? | Lipopolysaccharide is an endotoxin found in the gram-negative bacterial lipid A |
| What virulent effect does LPS have on its host? | host recognizes lipid A--tries to destroy infection by cooking it with higher and higher body temp (fever)--if host overreacts-brain damage, cardiovascular shock, and hemorrhaging can occur |
| Describe an exoenzyme that functions in virulence | exoenzyme hyaluronidase functions to destroy host connective tissue--facilitates bacterial spreading |
| What do hemolysins do? | toxins that cause the red blood cells to lyse so that red blood cell contents become available as microbial nutrient sources |
| Systemic infection | infetion spread via the blood or lymphatic systems |
| Focal infection | infection spread from a specific locale |
| Acute infection | severe infection that begins abruptly |
| Chronic infection | infection that appears gradually and lasts for an extended period |
| Subacute infection | infection with intermediate duration and symptoms |
| Primary infection | infection caused by the organism that initiated infection |
| Secondary infection | infection caused by a different organism than the one that established the original primary infection |
| Subclinical, asymptomatic,or apparent infection | infection that does not manifest symptoms even though infection is present and growing |
| Abcess | discrete infection that blocks the entry of immune system cells |
| Bacteremia | bacteria in the blood |
| Septicemia | actively growing bacteria in the blood |
| Viremia | virus in the blood |
| Leukocytosis | increased number of white blood cells |
| Leukopenia | decreased number of white blood cells |
| What is latency? | when microbes persist in dormant state, although symptoms of infection subside |
| Name some common microbes that become latent | tubercle bacilli, herpes simplex, HIV, hepatitis B, and Epstein-Barr viruses |
| What potential danger does a chronic carrier present to other people? | chronic carrier may be asymptomatic--may not know the disease is in his system and can therefore unknowingly spread the disease to others |
| What are sequelae? | specific conditions that follow an illness episode, such as heart valve damage after a bout of strep sore throat |
| When do sequelae occur? | after the initial infection has run its course |
| What is the CDC? | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta Georgia |
| What does the CDC publish? | information about new outbreaks of illnesses--new pathogens--how to control and brevent disease in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |
| Why is an infection control nurse so important? | he or she acts to identify and control the spread of outbreaks as quickly as possible |
| Communicable | infection passed from one host to another |
| Contagious | highly communicable infection |
| Transmission | spread of disease from one individual to another (horizontal) or from parent to progeny (vertical) |
| Fomite | inanimate object from which a microbe may be contracted |
| Aerosols | microbe-containing droplets released into the air by coughing or sneezing |
| Fecal-oral route | microbes left on hand after restroom use--transmitted to food or other objects having oral contact--fecal contamination of food/water |
Created by:
heatherlvn
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