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Spring Science Exam
Test with 200 questions, each question worth 1/2 a point
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What are the fastest body waves? | P waves |
| 2. How do Rayleigh waves cause the ground to move? | In an elliptical, rolling motion. |
| 3. How do scientists use computers to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? | They perform triangulations based on data from seismograph stations. |
| 4. What should you do if you are indoors during an earthquake? | Stay away from windows. |
| 5. At what location does the first motion of an earthquake occur? | The focus. |
| 6. How do scientists find the epicenter of an earthquake using a seismograph? | By comparing arrival times of P waves and S waves at several seismograph stations. |
| 7. What do scientists study in their efforts to forecast earthquakes? | By seismic gaps, fore shocks, and rock changes. |
| 8. What is the epicenter of an earthquake? | The point on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's focus. |
| 9. What occurs when the temperature of a rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock is composed of? | The rock will melt. |
| 10. What may signal a volcanic eruption? | A change in earthquake activity. |
| 11.What is felsic? | More common continental crust. |
| 12. What is caldera? | A large depression formed by the collapse of a volcanic cone. |
| 13.List the types of pyroclastic materials. | Volcanic ash, dust, blocks, bombs, and lapilli. |
| 14. What are the major types of volcanic cones? | Cinder cone, Composite, and shield. |
| 15. What is mafic? | Magma of igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color. |
| 16. What is the zone of saturation? | The layer of an aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water. |
| 17. What is a perched water table? | Second water table that sits above the first water table. |
| 18. What is a spring? | A natural flow of ground water to Earth's surface. |
| 19. What is an artesian formation? | Sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface. |
| 20. What is the process of chemical weathering? | Carbonic acid breaks down minerals in rock. |
| 21. Which mineral makes rocks especially vulnerable to chemical weathering? | Calcite |
| 22. What is a stalactite? | A cone shaped deposit of calcite on the ceiling of a cave. |
| 23. What are 2 common features of karst topography? | Closely spaced sinkholes and caverns. |
| 24. The formation of karst topography in dry regions may produce sinkholes and form ___________ and ___________. | arches and spires |
| 25. What is sorting? | An amount of uniformity in the size of the rock of sediment particles. |
| 26. In what areas does karst topography form? | Both dry and wet. |
| 27. What is a recharge zone? | An area were water from the surface can more through permeable rock to reach an aquifer. |
| 28.What are 2 land features that are formed by hot groundwater? | geysers and hot springs |
| 29.When does rock become chemically weathered? | When carbonic acid dissolves minerals in the rock. |
| 30.What are the similarities between wells, springs, and artesian formations? | They all bring groundwater to Earth's surface. |
| 31. What is permeable? | Open spaces in rock must be connected. |
| 32. What is gradient? | The slope of a water table. |
| 33. What are stalagmites? | Calcite formations standing on the floor of a cavern. |
| 34. What is soft water? | It contains relatively low concentrations of dissolved minerals. |
| 35. What are natural bridges? | Uncollapsed rock between sinkholes. |
| 36. What is tavertine? | It forms around the edges of a hot spring after the water has cooled. |
| 37. What is a column? | It is formed when a stalactite and stalagmite meet. |
| 38. From where does most oxygen enter the ocean? | Through the atmosphere. |
| 39. In what water do gases dissolve most readily? | Cold ocean water. |
| 40. What does ocean water temperature depend on? | Solar energy an area receives and the water salinity. |
| 41. A deep ocean water becomes colder, it also becomes _____________. | denser |
| 42. What are 2 factors that affect the salinity of ocean water? | precipitation and evaporation |
| 43. Cold ocean water sinks and moves through what ocean area? | Ocean basins |
| 44. How do marine organisms help to balance the chemistry of ocean water? | By removing nutrients and gases and returning other nutrients and gases to the water. |
| 45. What is called the foundation of life in the ocean? | plankton |
| 46. Where are nutrients in ocean water stored? | deep water |
| 47. Which ocean organisms live in the pelagic zone? | Marine mammals |
| 48. Where are most offshore oil and petroleum deposits found? | Along continental margins |
| 49. What is the thermocline? | A layer in a body of water in which temperatures drops with increased depth faster than it does in other layers. |
| 50. What has helped to reduce the ocean's ability to renew itself? | Toxic chemicals and oil drilling |
| 51. What has the US done to reduce ocean pollution? | Limited use of leaded gasoline and banned the toxic chemical DDT |
| 52. What is aquaculture? | Raising aquatic plants and animals for human consumption. |
| 53. What is desalination? | Process of removing salt from ocean water. |
| 54. What are the two main gases dissolved in ocean water? | Nitrogen and oxygen |
| 55. What is meant by the term trace element? | Smallest in amount |
| 56. By studying variations in color in the ocean, scientists can determine the presence of ___________. | phytoplankton |
| 57. What percentage of the ocean consists of salts? | 3.5% |
| 58. What is upwelling? | Movement of deep, cold and nutrient-rich water to the surface. |
| 59. What are the organisms called that swim actively in open water? | Nekton |
| 60. What happens to the density of surface ocean water as it is warmed by solar energy? | Decreases |
| 61. Which ocean zone receives the most solar energy and is home to the most diverse ocean life forms? | pelagic zone |
| 62. Which color is most reflected by ocean water? | blue |
| 63. What is the most valuable resource found beneath the ocean floor? | petroleum |
| 64. What is a major obstacle to the advancement of aquaculture? | pollution |
| 65. What causes gyres to form? | Coriolis effect |
| 66. What is a characteristic of the Antarctic Bottom Water? | high density |
| 67. What factors control the movement of surface currents? | winds, earth's rotation, and location of continents |
| 68. High evaporation and low rainfall in summer cause the Mediterranean Sea to have ____________________. | higher salinity and higher density |
| 69. What us the Sargasso Sea? | a vast area of calm, warm water in the North Atlantic |
| 70. What is a wave period? | two identical points on consecutive waves pass a given point |
| 71. What is the relationship of refraction and waves? | waves strike the coastline head-on instead of at an angle |
| 72. What factors determine the size of a wave? | wind speed,fetch, and the length of time wind blows |
| 73. What is fetch? | distance that wind blows across an area of the sea to generate waves |
| 74. What is the major cause of tides? | gravitational pull of the moon on Earth and its waters |
| 75. Where would a tidal bore occur? | where a river enters the ocean |
| 76. What is ebb tide? | tidal current that flows toward the ocean |
| 77. Why does the Mediterranean Sea have a small tidal range? | tidal oscillations reduce the effect of tidal bulges |
| 78. If high tide is at 6:00pm today, at about what time will high tide occur tomorrow? | 6:50pm tomorrow |
| 79. What is the Coriolis effect? | curving of the paths of ocean currents and winds due to Earth's rotation |
| 80. What causes deep currents? | differences in density of ocean water |
| 81. How are rip currents formed? | water from large breakers return to the ocean through channels |
| 82. What is the force that causes tides? | gravity |
| 83. What is the effect of wind energy on waves? | it makes waves larger |
| 84. What are tidal oscillations? | motions in ocean water that occur as tidal bulges move around the ocean basins |
| 85. What type of current is a turbidity current? | deep current |
| 86. What does a gap in a line of breakers tell us? | rip currents |
| 87. What lies beneath the moon's thin crust? | the mantle-rich in silica, magnesium, and iron |
| 88. What is the small, iron, center of the moon? | core |
| 89. What are some of the lunar features? | rilles and ridges |
| 90. New, full, gibbous, quarter, and crescent describe what? | phases of the moon |
| 91. What do we call the inner, cone-shaped area of an eclipse's shadow? | umbra |
| 92. How does the gravitational pull of the moon on the side of Earth facing the moon compare with the moon's gravitational pull on the opposite side of earth? | it is stronger |
| 93. How does the lighted part of the moon appear when it is waxing? | increasing in size |
| 94. The forces of gravity between Earth and the moon cause _____________. | tides |
| 95. Describe Titan: | thick atmosphere composed almost entirely of nitrogen and a surface containing lakes or oceans of liquid methane |
| 96. Some rare meteorites originated on the moon or ______________. | Mars |
| 97. Many comets in the Kuiper Belt are the result of ________________________. | collisions between large objects |
| 98. What are meteors often called? | shooting stars |
| 99. What is the Oort cloud? | spherical region that surrounds the solar system and contains billions of comets |
| 100. Which moon of Jupiter is also the largest moon in the solar system? | Ganymede |
| 101. Describe Saturn's rings: | divided into hundreds of small ringlets, each containing billions of pieces of rock and ice |
| 102. What effect does the elliptical orbit of the moon around Earth have? | the distance between Earth and the moon varies over a month's time |
| 103. What is the name of Pluto's largest moon? | Charon |
| 104. What are the names of the moons of Mars? | Phobos and Deimos |
| 105. How are meteors most closely associated with meteoroids? | they burn up in Earth's atmosphere |
| 106. Where is the Kuiper Belt located? | beyond Neptune's orbit |
| 107. What kind of bodies do scientists monitor, hoping to predict and avoid future collisions? | near-Earth asteroids |
| 108. What is a meteor shower? | a large number of small meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere in a short period of time |
| 109. Where does the sun convert matter into energy? | the core |
| 110. Most of the sun's energy is a result of __________________________. | nuclear fusion |
| 111. What happens when hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei? | energy is released |
| 112. How does energy move on the radiative zone? | by radiation |
| 113. Describe the importance of the sun's magnetic field. | stops some subatomic particles |
| 114. After what solar event are auroras frequently seen? | after solar flares |
| 115. What temperatures can a solar flare reach? | 20,000,000*C |
| 116. What are types of solar eruptions? | solar flare, coronal mass ejection, and prominence |
| 117. How long are sunspot cycles? | 11 years |
| 118. How do strong magnetic fields on regions of the sun lead to sunspots? | convection slows and energy decreases |
| 119. What is the hottest layer of the sun's atmosphere called? | corona |
| 120. How is energy produced in the sun's core? | by nuclear fusion |
| 121. What is the approximate temperature of the sun's core? | 15,000,000*C |
| 122. How do sunspots form? | magnetic fields reduce energy transfer in the convective zone |
| 123. What elements make up most of the sun's mass? | hydrogen and helium |
| 124. What are the parts of the sun's atmosphere? | photosphere and chromosphere |
| 125. What does Einstein's equation explain? | how mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy, E=MC2, E=energy, M=mass, C=speed of light |
| 126. How do scientists break apart the sun's light into a spectrum? | by using a device called a spectrograph |
| 127. How does the sum's radiative zone compare with the convective zone? | the radiative zone is hotter and closer to the Sun's core |
| 128. What is prominence? | an arched, glowing cloud of gas that rises above the sun's photosphere |
| 129. Which subatomic particle is given off during fusion? | neutrino |
| 130. What are northern lights? | auroras |
| 131.What color are the coolest stars? | red |
| 132. Why do stars appear to move in the sky? | the Earth is moving |
| 133. What type of spectrum does a star have that is moving away from Earth? | shifted toward red |
| 134. About how many stars are visible from Earth without the use of telescope? | 6,000 stars |
| 135. How do scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars? | by analyzing the spectrum of the light that stars emit |
| 136. What is a white dwarf? | small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses |
| 137. How is energy generated in a star's core during the main sequence? | hydrogen fuses into helium |
| 138. How long would a star with the sun's mass stay on the main sequence? | 10 billion years |
| 139. When does a protostar become a star? | nuclear fusion begins |
| 140. What is a giant? | a large, bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen |
| 141. What are binary stars? | pairs of revolving stars held together by gravity |
| 142. What is a galaxy? | stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity |
| 143. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way? | spiral |
| 144. What does the energy emitted by a quasar suggest? | the presence of a giant black hole |
| 145. What is a quasar? | quasi-stellar radio source |
| 146. What is a light-year? | the distance light travels in a year |
| 147. What color are the hottest stars? | blue |
| 148. What can astronomers determine simply by analyzing the light that a star emits? | the composition and temperature of a star |
| 149. What is apparent magnitude? | the brightness of a star as it appears from Earth |
| 150. What is absolute magnitude? | the true brightness of a star |
| 151. What are constellations? | recognizable patterns of stars and the regions of space around them |
| 152. How do stars with a negative number for their apparent magnitudes compare to stars with a positive number for their apparent magnitude? | they appear brighter |
| 153. On what type of diagram would the surface temperature of a star be plotted against the star's luminosity? | H-R diagram |
| 154. When does a star experience equilibrium? | when the outward force due to fusion and radiation balances with the inward force of gravity |
| 155. What is a pulsar? | a rapidly spinning neutron star that emits bursts of radio and optical energy |
| 156. Seismograph: | records ground vibrations |
| 157. Richter scale: | measures magnitude using ground motion |
| 158. Elastic rebound: | the sudden return of deformed rock to its undeformed shape |
| 159. Body wave: | a seismic wave that travels through the body of a medium |
| 160. Moment magnitude: | uses fault size and distance that fault blocks move to measure magnitude |
| 161. Surface wave: | a seismic wave that travels along the surface of a medium |
| 162. Modified Mercalli scale: | measures intensity |
| 163. P wave: | a seismic wave that can travel through solids, liquids, and gases |
| 164. S wave: | a seismic wave that can only travel through solids |
| 165. Volcanism: | any activity that includes the movement of magma toward or onto Earth's surface |
| 166. Lava: | magma that flows onto Earth's surface |
| 167. Viscosity: | a resistance to flow |
| 168. Pluton: | igneous rock formations created when magma does not reach Earth's surface, but cools and solidifies inside the crust |
| 169. Magma: | liquid rock produced under Earth's surface |
| 170. Sinkhole: | a circular depression that forms on the surface when rock dissolves, overlaying sediment fills a cavity, or an underground cavern or a mine collapses |
| 171. Cavern: | a natural cavity that forms in rock as a result of the dissolution of minerals |
| 172. Water table: | the upper surface of underground water |
| 173. Aquifer: | a body of rock that stores groundwater and allows it to flow |
| 174. Karst topography: | irregular land forms created by the chemical weathering of rock by groundwater |
| 175. Porosity: | the percentage of the total volume of rock that consists of open spaces |
| 176. Permeability: | the ability o frock to let fluids pass through its pores |
| 177. Groundwater: | the water beneath Earth's surface |
| 178. Benthic zone: | the bottom region of the ocean |
| 179. Upwelling: | the movement of deep, cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface |
| 180. Pelagic zone: | the region of an ocean or body of fresh water above the benthic zone |
| 181. Plankton: | the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the water of aquatic environments, both fresh water and ocean |
| 182. Benthos: | organisms that live at the bottom of the ocean |
| 183. Nekton: | all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents |
| 184. Wave: | occurs in water as a periodic up-and-down movement |
| 185. Whitecap: | forms when winds blow off the crest of a wave |
| 186. Swell: | moves in a group of long, rolling waves |
| 187. Breaker: | forms when the top of a wave topples over |
| 188. Tsunami: | caused by an earthquake on the ocean floor, a volcanic eruption, or an under water landslide |
| 189. Spring tide: | tide that occurs during the full moon and new moon |
| 190. Neap tide: | tide that occurs during the first-quarter and third-quarter phases of the moon |
| 191. Mare: | a large, dark area of lunar basalt |
| 192. Crater: | a bowl-shaped depression that forms on the surface of an object when a falling body object strikes it |
| 193. Moon: | a smaller natural body that orbits a planet |
| 194. Regolith: | layer of crushed rock and dust on the moon's surface |
| 195. Anorthosite: | a rock composing the light, rough highland areas of the moon's surface |
| 196. Nebula: | a large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born |
| 197. Nova: | a large explosion that releases energy and stellar material into space |
| 198. Black hole: | an object so dense that light cannot escape its gravity |
| 199. Protostar: | a shrinking, spinning region in space with a central concentration of matter |
| 200. Neutron star: | a star whose core has contracted into a very small but incredibly dense ball of neutrons |
Created by:
corgix2
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