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BI 314 Chapter 17
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Actin Filament | Protein filament, about 7 nm wide, formed from a chain of globular actin molecules; a major consituent of the cytoskeleton of all eukaryotic cells and especially abundant in muscle cells |
| Cell Cortex | Specialized layer of cytoplasm on the inner face of the plasma membrane; in animal cells, it is an actin-rich layer responsible for cell-surface movements |
| Centriole | Short cylindrical array of microtubules, usually found in pairs at the center of a centrosome in animal cells; also found at the base of cilia and flagella (and called basal bodies) |
| Centrosome | Centrally located organelle of animal cells that is the primary microtubule-organizing center and separates to form the two spindle poles during mitosis; in most animal cells it contains a pair of centrioles |
| Cilium | Hairlike extension on the surface of a cell with a core bundle of microtubules and capable of performing repeated beating movements |
| Cytoskeleton | System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement; most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments |
| Dynamic Instability | The property shown by microtubules of growing and shrinking repeatedly through the addition and loss of tubulin subunits from their exposed ends |
| Dynein | Member of a family of large motor proteins that undergo ATP-dependent movement along microtubules; is responsible for the bending of cilia |
| Filopodium | Long, thin, actin-containing extension on the surface of an animal cell; sometimes has an exploratory function, as in a growth cone |
| Flagellum | Long, whiplike protrusion that drives a cell through a fluid medium by its beating |
| Intermediate Filament | Fibrous protein filament (about 10 nm in diameter) that forms ropelike networks in animal cells; often used as a structural element that resists tension applied to the cell from outside |
| Kinesin | A large family of motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move along a microtubule |
| Lamellipodium | Dynamic sheetlike extension on the surface of an animal cell, especially one migrating over a surface |
| Microtubule | Long, stiff, cylindrical structure composed of the protein tubulin; used by eukaryotic cells to regulate their shape and control their movements |
| Motor Protein | Protein such as myosin or kinesin that uses energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to propel itself along a protein filament or polymeric molecule |
| Myofibril | Long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of muscle cells that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism |
| Myosin | Type of motor protein that uses ATP to drive movements along actin filaments |
| Nuclear Lamina | Fibrous layer on the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane formed as a network of intermediate filaments made from nuclear lamins |
| Polarity | Refers to a structure such as an actin filament or a fertilized egg that has an inherent asymmetry - so that one end can be distinguished from the other |
| Rho Protein Family | Family of small GTPases involved in signaling that causes a rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton |
| Sarcomere | Repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, about 2.5 micrometers long, composed of an array of overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments |
| Tubulin | Protein from which microtubules are made |
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