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BI 314 Chapter 16
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptation | Adjustment of sensitivity of a cell or organism following repeated stimulation; can allow a response even when there is a high background level of stimulation |
| Adenylyl Cyclase | Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP. An important component of some intracellular signaling pathways. |
| Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase (CaM-Kinase) | Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to an increase in Ca2+ ion concentration, through its interaction with the Ca2+binding protein calmodulin. |
| Calmodulin | Small Ca2+ binding protein that modifies the activity of many target enzymes and membrane transport proteins in response to changes in Ca2+ concentration |
| Cell Signaling | The molecular mechanisms by which cells detect and respond to external stimuli and send messages to other cells |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Nucelotide generated from ATP in response to hormonal stimulation of cell-surface receptors; it acts as a signaling molecule by activating protein kinase A; it's hydrolyzed to AMP by a phosphodiesterase |
| Cyclic-AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) | Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration |
| Cytokine | Small protein made and secreted by cells that acts on neighboring cells to alter their behavior |
| Diacylglycerol (DAG) | Lipid produced by the cleavage of membrane inositol phospholipids in response to extracellular signals. Composed of two fatty acid chains linked to glycerol, it serves as a membrane located signaling molecule to help activate protein kinase C |
| Enzyme-Coupled Receptor | Transmembrane receptor proteins that activate an intracellular enzyme in response to ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor |
| Extracellular Signal Molecule | Any molecule present outside the cell that can elicit a response inside the cell when the molecule binds to a receptor protein |
| G Protein | One of a large family of GTP binding proteins composed of three different cell units that are important intermediaries and intracellular signaling pathways |
| G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) | Cell surface receptor that associates with the intracellular trimeric GTP binding protein after receptor activation by an extracellular ligand |
| GTP-Binding Protein | An allosteric protein whose conformation and activity are determined by its association with either GTP or GDP |
| Hormone | A chemical substance produced by one set of cells in a multicellular organism and transported via body fluids to target tissues on which it exerts a specific effect |
| Inositol Phospholipid | Minor lipid components of plasma membranes that contain phosphorylated inositol derivatives |
| Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) | Small intracellular signaling molecule produced during activation of the inositol phospholipid signaling pathway; causes Ca2+ release form the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Ion-Channel-Coupled Receptor | Transmembrane receptor protein or protein complex that forms a gated ion channel that opens in response to the binding of a ligand to the external face of the channel |
| Intracellular Signaling Molecule | Molecule (usually a protein) that is part of the mechanism for transducing and transmitting signals inside a cell |
| Intracellular Signaling Pathway | The set of proteins and small-molecule second messengers that interact with each other to relay a signal from the cell membrane to its final destination in the cytoplasm or nucleus |
| Local Mediator | Secreted signal molecule that acts at a short range on adjacent cells |
| MAP Kinase | Mitogen-activated protein kinase; protein kinase that performs a crucial step in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the nuclease |
| MAP-Kinase Signaling Module | Phosphorylation cascade in which a series of serine/threonine protein kinases phosphorylate and activate one another in sequence to carry the signal from the plasma membrane to the nucleus |
| Molecular Switch | Protein or protein complex that operates in an intracellular signaling pathway and can reversibly switch between an active and inactive state |
| Monomeric GTPase | Small, single-subunit GTP-binding protein |
| Nitric Oxide (NO) | Small highly diffusible molecule widely used as an intracellular signal |
| Nuclear Receptor | Receptor proteins present inside a eukaryotic cell that can bind to signal molecules that enter the cell, such as steroid hormones |
| Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI 3-Kinase) | Enzyme that phosphorylates inositol phospholipids in the plasma membrane in response to signals received by a cell |
| Phospholipase C | Enzyme associated with the plasma membrane that performs a crucial step in inositol phospholipid signaling pathways |
| Protein Kinase | One of a very large number of enzymes that transfers the terminal phosphate group of ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein |
| Protein Kinase C (PKC) | Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in diacylglycerol and Ca2+ ions |
| Protein Phosphatase | Enzyme that removes, by hydrolysis, a phosphate group from a protein, often with high specificity for the phosphorylated site |
| Ras | One of a large family of small GTP-binding proteins that help relay signals from cell-surface receptors to the nucleus |
| Receptor, Receptor Protein | A cell or cellular component that detects an external signal and triggers a specific cellular response |
| Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase | Enzyme-coupled receptor with an extracellular signal-binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain that phosphorylates signaling proteins on serine or threonine |
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) | Enzyme-coupled receptor in which the intracellular domain has a tyrosine kinase activity, which is activated by ligand binding to the receptor's extracellular domain |
| Second Messenger | Small molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell |
| Serine/Threonine Kinase | Enzyme that phosphorylates specific proteins on serines or threonines |
| Signal Transduction | Conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another; the process by which a cell responds to an extracellular signal |
| Steroid Hormone | Lipophilic molecule related to cholesterol that acts as a hormone; examples include estrogen and testosterone |
| Tyrosine Kinase | Enzyme that phosphorylates specific proteins on tyrosines |
| Receptor Protein | Protein that detects a stimulus, usually a change in concentration of a specific molecule and then initiates a response in the cell |
Created by:
knye
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