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Science Chapter Four
earthquakes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
| tension | stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| compression | 1. stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks 2. the part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together |
| shearing | stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, in a sideways movement |
| normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust |
| reverse fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust |
| strike-slip fault | a type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion |
| plateau | a large landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface |
| earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
| focus | the point beneath Earth's surface where rock first breaks under stress and causes an earthquake |
| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus |
| P wave | a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground |
| S wave | a type of seismic wave in which the shaking is perpendicular to the direction of the wave |
| surface wave | a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface |
| seismograph | a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth |
| Modified Mercalli scale | a scale that rates the amount of shaking from an earthquake |
| magnitude | the measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults |
| Richter scale | a scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves |
| moment magnitude scale | a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake |
| seismogram | the record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph |
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