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Microbiology - LPA
systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are microorganisms useful in research? | |
| groups of organisms that are classified as microbes? | Fungi alage bacteria protozoans viruses (non-living) |
| coined the term “antibiotic”? | Selman Walsman (microbiologist) -Coined the term “antibiotic” to describe actinomycin -Actinomycin was too toxic to use as a general medication. -Isolated streptromycin in 1943 which became a major breakthrough in the treatment for Tuberculosis. |
| The 1940’s through the 1960’s is known as the “Golden Age of Antibiotic.” Since the late 1960’s much research has shifted to antiviral agents and to genetics. | fyi |
| scientists given credit for developing the process to purify penicillin? | Ernest Chain ( biochemist) Howard Florey (pathologist |
| scientist given credit for discovering penicillin and its antibacterial properties? | Alexander Fleming (Scottish physician) |
| coined the term “chemotherapy”? | Paul Erlich |
| crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus? | Wendell Stanley |
| first scientist to characterize viruses? | Martinus Beijerinck |
| What cells did Metchnikoff discover? | Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
| “vaccine” | Vacca, the latin word for “cow” |
| What did Jenner contribute to the early study of immunology? | Developed the Smallpox vaccine |
| What is ironic about the death of Semmelweis? | discovered and died of Puerperal fever (Streptococcus pyrogenes infection) |
| What bacteria caused Semmelweis'death? | Died from puerperal fever... Streptococcus pyrogenes infection the cause of his death. |
| What did Semmelweis discover about the transfer of Puerperal Fever? | Spreaded by doctors whose hands went unwashed after autopsies |
| List Koch’s postulates Postulates: formulated by Robert Koch in the 19th century; used to prove that a particular organism causes a particular disease | The specific causative agent must be found in every case of disease. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy susceptible animal must produce the same disease. The disease organism must |
| List some of Pasteur’s accomplishments | -Disproved spontaneous generation -pasteurization |
| Who finally disproved spontaneous generation? | Louis Pasteur |
| Briefly describe Francesco Redi’s experimental attempt to disprove spontaneous generation? | Covered rotting meat w/ gauze. This prevented flies from getting to meat; but they did hatch out from eggs on top of the gauze. |
| Whose theories included the four elements, “fire, air, earth, and water”? | Aristole |
| What was the Theory of Spontaneous Generation? | Living things arise from nonliving things |
| State the Germ Theory of Disease? | Theory that microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and cause disease. |
| State the Cell Theory? theory formulated by Schleiden and Schwann that cells are fundamental units of all thing | Cells are the fundamental units of life and carry out all the basic functions of living things; all cells arise from cells; does not apply to viruses! |
| Who formulated the Cell Theory? | Matthias Schleiden (German Botantist) and Theodor Schwann ( German Zoologist) |
| What types of organisms did van Leewenhoek observe? | Observed living organisms through his lenses |
| What did van Leewenhoek name organism that he observed? | “animalcules” |
| Who was Anton van Leewenhoek and what did he make? | Dutch lens maker Simple microscope (magnified up to 300x) |
| Who was Robert Hooke? What was his contribution to early Microbiology? | -English, scientist -Built first compound microscope -Coined the term “cell” while looking at a cork. |
| Who was Varro and what was his belief? | |
| What did Hippocrates contribute to Microbiology? | |
| arthropods | makes up the largest group of living organisms, characterized by a jointed chitinous exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages associated with some or all of the segments |
| helminthes | worms with bilateral symmentry; includes the roundworms and flatworms |
| Etiology | the assignment or study of causes and orgins of a disease. |
| Chemotherapy | the use of chemical substances to treat various aspects of disease. |
| Epidemiology? | the study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population |
| Study of Immunology? | |
| the study of protozoans called? | Protozology |
| How do protozoans get their nutrition? | |
| What are protozoans? | Single celled, microscopic; animal-like protists in the animal kingdom of Protista |
| the study of viruses called? | Virology |
| What are viruses? | A submicroscopic, parasite, acellular microorganism composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core inside a protein coat. |
| The study of fungi called? | Mycology |
| What is another benefit that we may derive from fungi? | |
| What important role do fungi play in the environment? | |
| How do fungi get their nutrition? | |
| Fungi (Fungus) | The kingdom of monphotosynthetic; eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients from their enviroment |
| the study of algae called? | Phycology |
| What are algae? Photosynthesis eukaryotic organisms in the kingdoms of Protista and plantae | Eukaryotic; unicellular; motility by pseudopods. Flagella or cilia; free of parasites Sexual or asexual reproduction |
| study of bacteria called? | Bacteriology |
| What are bacteria? | Single cell organisms with spherical, rod or spiral shapes, but a few types form filaments- w/o nucleus. -prokaryotic; single celled; no nucleus; -Peptidoglycan cell wall; binary fission |
| antibiotic | A chemical substance produced by microoganisms that can inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms |
| bacteriophage | Also called phage. A virus that also infect bacteria |
| domain | A new taxomonic category above the Kingdom level consisting of Archaea, bacteria and Eukarya |
| Microbes | Organism studies with a microscope; includes the viruses |
| prion | An exceedingly small infectious particle consisting of protein w/o any nucleic acid |
| virod | An infectious RNA particle smaller than a virus and lacking a capsid, that causes various plant diseases |
| Chapter 3 Review Questions | Chapter 3 Review Answers |
| 1. Who was the first person to see individual microorganisms? | Anton Van Leeuwenhook Dutch lens grinder responsible for construction of simple microscope |
| 2. How powerful were his microscopes? | up to 100x to 300x |
| 3. Were they “true” microscopes? | |
| 4. What is the definition of microscopy? | technology of making very small things visible to the human eye |
| 5. What is the definition of wavelength? | length of light rays; technically the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next. trough to trough or corresponding point to corresponding point |
| 6. What area of the electromagnetic spectrum is used for light microscopy? | |
| 7. What is white light | |
| 8. Define resolution? | the ability to see objects as being separate |
| 10. What length of waves produces the best resolution in light microscopes (longer or shorter)? | shorter. if light waves are too long then diffraction will occur and the image will be distorted. Light waves must be small enough to fit between two objects for them to be resolved |
| 11. Define reflection? | occurs when light waves strike an object and bounce back |
| 12. Define transmission? | occurs when light passes through an object; most of our observations of microorganisms will be with transmitted light |
| 13. Define absorption? | occurs when light is neither transmitted through nor does it bounce off, but is taken up by the object. |
| 14. Define luminescence? | occurs when light waves are absorbed then changed to longer wavelengths and reemitted (especially ultra-violet radiation) |
| 15. What causes an object to fluoresce? | Fluoresce: when luminescence occurs only during irradiation. |
| 16. What causes an object to be phosphorescent? | Phosphorescent |
| 17. What is refraction? | bending of light as it passes from one medium into another different density. |
| 18. What is the index of refraction? | measure of the speed at which light passes through a material |
| 19. Why do we use immersion oil? | used because it has the same Index of Refraction as glass (slide); it replaces the air gap between an oil immersion lens and a glass slide. this prevents the loss of light waves due to refraction |
| 20. Define diffraction? | bending of light waves as the pass through a small opening such as a hole or slit, a space between two adjacent cellular structures, or a tiny high-powered magnifying lens on a microscope |
| 21. Why is diffraction a problem in microscopy? | |
| 22. What is the relationship between magnification and the size of a lens? | |
| 23. What is the total magnification of each objective of the light microscope? | |
| 24. What is a compound light microscope? | |
| 25. Define parfocal? | For a microscope, remaining is appropriate focus when minor focuses adjustments are made |
| 26. What is brightfield illumination? | uses visible light to illuminate and pass through an observed specimen. Good instruments for dead specimens or living ones with distinct color contrast of cellular structures |
| 27. What is darkfield illumination? | uses visible light with a special condenser that causes light to reflect off an observed specimen at angles. Best used when observing unstained living organisms or organism which may be difficult to stain or dye. Also allows observation of motion.. |
| 28. What is phase-contrast microscopy? Why is it used? | uses visible light with a special condenser that accentuates differences in the refractive index of viewed structures. Changes in the speed of light are seen as different degrees of brightness |
| 29. What type of light is used in Fluorescence Microscopy? | ultraviolet light |
| 30. What is fluorchrome? | |
| 31. EM stands for what? | Electron Microscope |
| 32. What does the electron microscope use instead of light? | electromagnets |
| 33. What are the two most common electron microscopes? | Transmission and Scanning |
| 34. What is TEM? What advantage does it have? | Transmission Electron Microscope. utilizes very thin sections of a specimen to reveal the internal structures of cells including microbes |
| 35. What does SEM stand for? What information does it give? | Scann electron microscope. specimens coated with metal |
| 36. What does AFM stand for? Why is it more advanced? Where has it been very useful? | Atomic force microscope- a more advanced member of this family of microscopes, allows three-dimensional imaging and measurement of structures from atomic size to about 1um. useful in studying DNA - it enables investigators to distinguish between bases, |
| 37. What is a wet mount? | in which a drop of medium containing the organisms is placed on a microscope slide, can be used to view living microorganisms |
| 38. What is a hanging drop mount? Why is it used? | used with dark-field illumination (see details on page 67) |
| 39. What is a smear? | microorganisms from a loopful on medium are spread onto the surface of a glass slide, can be used to view killed organisms. |
| 40. What 3 things does heat fixation accomplish? | -kills organisms -causes organisms to adhere to slide -alters the organism so they more readily accepts stains. |
| 41. What are the most commonly used dyes in microbiology? What are they attracted to? | -cationic (positively charged) or basic dyes such as methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin and malachite green -Attracted to any negatively charged cell components |
| 42. What are anionic dyes attracted to? | any positively charged cell materials |
| 43. What are the two main types of stains used in microbiology? | simple stain differential stain |
| 44. How many dyes are used in the simple stain? What information is revealed? | a single dye reveals basic cell shapes and cell arrangements |
| 45. How many dyes are used in differential stain? Why is it more useful than simple stain? | two or more dyes distinguishes between two kinds of organisms or between two different parts of an organism |
| 46. List some types of differential stains. | Gram stain Niehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain Schaeffer-Fulton spore stain |
| 47. What is a negative stain? | used when a specimen - or part of it, such as the capsule resists taking up a stain |
| 48. How does a flagellar stain work? | Flagella, appendages that some cells have and use for locomotion, are too thin to be seen easily with the light microscope. when it is necessary to determine their prescence or arrangement,flagellar stains are painstakingly prepared to coat the surfaces o |
| Chapter 4 Review Questions | Chapter 4 Review Answers |
| 1. What is a prokaryotic cell? | cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures. single celled organisms and all are bacteria |
| 2. Which Kingdom of organisms is composed of prokaryotic cells? Are any other kingdoms composed of prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria |
| 3. What is a eukaryotic cell? | (eu means true and karyon means nucleus) This type of cell is found in all of the Kingdoms except Monera (Bacteria) |
| 4. What kingdoms are composed of eukaryotic cells? | All the kingdoms except Monera (Bacteria) |
| 5. How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar? | |
| 6. What are some important ways prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different? | |
| 7. What are organelles? | |
| 8. What is a domain? | |
| 9. What are two prokaryotic domains? | |
| 10. What is the eukaryotic domain? | |
| 11. What domain do most bacteria living today belong to? | |
| 12. What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria? | |
| 13. List some variations in bacterial shapes? | |
| 14. What is pleomorphism? | |
| 15. List some arrangements of bacteria. | |
| 16. Describe a typical bacteria’s cell wall. | |
| 17. Describe peptidoglycan. | |
| 18. How many layers of peptidoglycan may Gram+ bacteria possess? | |
| 19. What other molecule do Gram+ bacteria contain? | |
| 20. What membrane is found primarily in Gram- bacteria? | |
| 21. What does LPS stand for? | |
| 22. What is the lipid A portion of LPS responsible for in many Gram- bacteria? | |
| 23. Describe the cell wall of Gram- bacteria. 25. Describe the cell wall of Gram- bacteria? | |
| 24. What portions of the cell wall do Gram+ bacteria lack? | |
| 25. Describe the cell wall of Gram- bacteria? | |
| 26. What about the cell wall of Acid-Fast bacteria makes them impermeable to most stains? | |
| 27. How can bacteria be controlled by damaging the cell walls? | |
| 28. What group of bacteria does not cell walls? | |
| 29. What are endospores? How long may they survive? What types of bacteria produce endospores? | |
| 30. What structures are responsible for bacterial motility? | |
| 31. Define monotrichous? Amphitrichous? Lophotrichous? Peritrichous? | a bacterial cell with a single flagellum |
| 32. What is chemotaxis? | a nonrandom movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical |
| 33. What is phototaxis? | a nonrandom movement of an organism toward or away from light |
| 34. What are pili? (pilus) | a tiny hollow projection used to attach bacteria to surfaces (attachment to pilus) or for conjugation( conjugation pilus) |
| 35. Define glycocalyx? | term used to refer to all substances containing polysaccharides found external to the cell wall |
| 36. What is a capsule? | protective structure secreted outside the cell wall by some bacteria. It helps to protect the bacteria. |
| 37. What is a slime layer? | structure that protects the bacterium from drying, traps nutrients and helps it to bind to something. |
| Chapter 5 Review Questions | Chapter 5 Review Answers |
| 1. Define metabolism. | sum of all chemical reactions to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones |
| 2. What is anabolism? | requires energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones |
| 3. What is catabolism? | reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones |
| 4. Why is anabolism needed? | |
| 5. Why is catabolism needed? | |
| 6. How is oxidation defined? | loss or removal of electrons. Energy is released. the lost electrons must be gained by another substance: a substance that gains these lost electrons is call an Oxidizing Agent |
| 7. How is reduction defined? | gain of electrons. Electron are lost or donated by a reducing agent. |
| 8. Define autotrophy? | "self-feeding". they produce their own food and use CO2 to synthesize organic molecules. PHOTOSYNTHESIS is a type of Autotrophic metabolism. |
| 9. Define heterotrophy? | "other feeding" - they get energy from food it eats. |
| 10. What do autotrophs use to synthesize organic molecules? | get carbon ready made molecules by feeding on other organisms living or dead |
| 11. What are photoautotrophs? | Type of Autotroph. use light as a source of energy |
| 12. What are chemoautotrophs? | Type of Autotroph gets energy from oxidizing simple inorganic substances |
| 13. How do hetertrophs get their carbon? | get carbon ready made molecules by feeding on other organisms living or dead |
| 14. What is a photoheterotroph? | type of Heterotrophs Get chemical energy from light. |
| 15. What is a chemoheterotroph? | type of Heterotrophs get chemical energy from breaking down ready made molecules |
| 16. What method of obtaining energy is utilized by most infectious microorganisms? | |
| 17. What is photosynthesis? | |
| 18. What are enzymes? | catalysts that speed up reactions. They do so by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. Sometimes as much as a million times un-catalyzed rates. |
| 19. How do enzymes act as catalysts? | |
| 20. What factors affect enzymatic reactions? | |
| 21. What is glycolysis? | metabolic pathway in which most auto and heterotrophic organisms breakdown glucose. Glucose oxidized to pyruvic acid |
| 22. Define fermentation. | Metabolism of the pyruvic acid produced by the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis. NADH is oxidized to NAD. |
| 23. What is homolactic fermentation? | pyruvic acid is converted directly to lactic acid. this occurs in Lactobacilli and Streptobacilli |
| 24. What is alcoholic fermentation? | Pyruvic acid is reduced to ethyl alcohol by reduced electrons from Nicotinamide Dinucleotide (NAD) |
| Chapter 6 Review Questions | Chapter 6 Review Answers |
| 1. Define binary fission. | Microbial growth occurs by cell division |
| 2. What is media or medium? | mixture of nutritional substances on or in which microorganisms grow. |
| 3. List the four phases of the standard bacterial growth curve. | lag/ log / stationary / Death-decline |
| 4. What occurs during the lag phase? | growth curve is flat |
| 5. What are the characteristics of the log phase? | the population numbers increase exponentially |
| 6. Define generation time. | time required for a population of organisms to double in number |
| 7. What is occurring during the stationary phase? | : the point in the growth cure where new cells are being produced at the same rate as older cells are dying. there is no increase or decrease in total population |
| 8. What characterizes the decline or death phase? | the number of bacteria dividing ( reproducing) is progressively less than the # of cells dying |
| 9. What physical factors affect bacterial growth? | pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, radiation |
| 10. What nutritional factors affect bacterial growth? | Fastidious/Non-Fastidious, Carbon sources, Nitrogen sources, Sulfur & Phosphorus, Trace Elements, Vitamins, Nutritional Complexity |
| 11. What does optimum pH mean as relating to bacterial growth? | |
| 12. What is an acidophile? | Acid loving bacteria. These bacteria grow best at a pH range of 0.1 -5.4. Example: Lactobacillus Acidophilus. Some sulfate reducing bacteria live at pH below 1.0 |
| 13. What is a neutrophile? | Most human pathogens are found in this group. These bacteria grow best at a pH range of 5.4 -8.0 |
| 14. What is an alkaliphile? | a base- (alkaline)loving organism that grows best in an environment with pH of 7-11.5 |
| 15. Define obligate. | requiring a particular environmental condition |
| 16. Define facultative. | able to tolerate the presence or absence of a particular environmental condition. |
| 17. What is a psychrophile? | a cold-loving organism that grows best at temperatures of 15 20 degrees Celsius. |
| 18. What is an obligate psychrophile? | organism that cannot grow at temperatures above 20 degrees celsius |
| 19. What is a facultative psychrophile? | organism that grows best at temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius but can also grow at temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius. |
| 20. What is a mesophile? | organism that grows best at temperatures between 25 degrees and 40 degrees Celsius, including most bacteria |
| 21. What is a thermophile? | heat loving organism that grows best at temperatures from 50 to 60 degrees celsius |
| 22. What is an obligate aerobe? | bacterium that muse have free oxygen to grow |
| 23. What is an obligate anaerobe? | bacterium that is killed by free oxygen |
| 24. What is a capnophile? | an organism that prefers carbon dioxide gas for growth |
| 25. What is a barophile. | organism that lives under high hydrostatic pressure |
| 26. Define plasmolysis. | shrinking of cells, with separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall, resulting from loss of water in a hypertonic solution |
| 27. What are halophiles? | salt loving organism that requires moderate to large concentrations of salt. |
| 28. Define sporulation. | formation of spores, such as endospores |
| 29. What is an endospore? | a resistant dormant structure, formed inside some bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, that can survive adverse conditions |
| 30. What happens to spores when germination occurs? | |
| 31. Define selective media. | medium that encourages growth of some organisms and suppresses growth of others |
| 32. Define differential media. | growth medium with a constituent that causes an observable change (in color or pH) in the medium when a particular chemical reaction occurs, making it possible to distinguish between organisms |
| 33. Define enrichment media. | medium that contains special nutrients that allow growth of a particular organism |
| Chapter 7 Review Questions | Chapter 7 Review Answers |
| 1. Define genetics. | science of hereditary, including the structure and regulation of genes and how these genes are passed between generations |
| 2. Define heredity. | transmission of genetic traits from an organism to its progeny. |
| 3. What is a chromosome? | a structure that contains the DNA of organisms |
| 4. What is a gene? | linear sequence of DNA nucleotides that form a functional unit within a chromosome or plasmid |
| 5. Define locus | location of a gene on a chromosome |
| 6. What are alleles? | the form of a gene that occupies the same place (locus) on the DNA molecule as another form but may carry different information for a trait |
| 7. Define mutation | a permanent alteration in an organism's DNA |
| 8. Where is all the information for the structure of proteins found in the cell? | |
| 9. What four nitrogenous bases are found in DNA? Which bases pair together? | |
| 10. What are the 3 mechanisms of information transfer? | |
| 11. What is replication? | process by which an organism or structure (especially a DNA molecule) duplicates itself |
| 12. What is transcription? | the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template |
| 13. What is translation? | the synthesis of protein from information in mRNA |
| 14. Define reverse transcription. | an enzyme found in retroviruses that copies RNA into DNA |
| 15. What are the 3 kinds of RNA? What is the function of each kind? | |
| 16. Define genotype. | the genetic information contained in the DNA of an organism |
| 17. Define phenotype. | the specific observable characteristics displayed by an organism |
| 18. What is a point mutation? | mutation in which one base is substituted for another at a specific location in a gene |
| . 19. What is a frameshift mutation? | mutation from the deletion or insertion of one or more bases |
| 20. What is a mutagen? | an agent that increases the rate of mutations |
| Chapter 8 Review Questions | Chapter 8 Review Answers |
| 1. What is gene transfer? | movement of genetic information between organisms by transformation, transduction, or conjugation |
| 2. Where does gene transfer normally take place? | |
| 3. What is recombination? | the combining of DNA from two different cells, resulting in a recombinant cell |
| 4. What is vertical gene transfer? | genes pass from parents to offspring |
| 5. What is lateral gene transfer? | genes pass from one organism to another within the same generation |
| 6. Why is gene transfer significant? | |
| 7. What is transformation? Who discovered it? What organism was he studying? What is the significance of the capsule? | a change in an organism's characteristics through the transfer of naked DNA |
| 8. What is the significance of transformation? | |
| 9. What is transduction? | transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage |
| 10. What carries DNA in transduction? | |
| 11. Define bacteriophage? | virus that infects bacteria |
| 12. What is a virulent phage? | a bacteriophage that enters the lytic cycle when if infects a bacterial cell, causing eventual lysis and death of the host cell |
| 13. What is lysis? | the destruction of a cell by the rupture of a cell or plasma membrane, resulting in the loss of cytoplasm |
| 14. What is the lytic cycle? | the sequence of events in which a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, replicates, and eventually causes lysis of the cell |
| 15. What is a temperate phage? | a bacteriophage that does not cause a virulent infection; rather its DNA is incorporated into the host cell chromosome, as a prophage, and replicated with the chromosome |
| 16. What is a prophage? | the DNA of a lysogenic phage that has integrated into the host cell chromosome |
| 17. Define lysogeny. | the ability of temperate bacteriophages to persist in a bacterium by the integration of the viral DNA into the host chromosome and without the replication of new viruses or cell lysis. |
| 18. What is the term which describes bacterial cells which contain a prophage? | |
| 19. What is the significance of transduction? | |
| 20. What is conjugation? | the transfer of genetic information from one bacterial cell to another by means of conjugation pili. (2) the exchange of information between two ciliates (protists) |
| 21. What is the significance of conjugation? | |
| 22. What is a plasmid? What is a resistance plasmid? | (also called extrachromosomal DNA) a small, circular, independently replicating piece of DNA in a cell that is not part of its chromosome and can be transferred to another cell |
| 23. What is genetic engineering? | the use of various techniques to purposefully manipulate genetic material to alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired way |
| 24. List 4 techniques of genetic engineering mentioned in the textbook. | |
| Chapter 9 Review Questions | Chapter 9 Review Answers |
| 1. Define Taxonomy. | the science of classification |
| 2. What is a taxon? | a category used in classification, such as species, genus, order, family |
| 3. Who was Carolus Linneaus? | (Swedish botanist) developed binomial classification (two names) |
| 4. What does binomial nomenclature mean? | the system of taxonomy developed by Linnaeus in which each organism is assigned a genus and specific epithet |
| 5. What is the scientific name composed of? | |
| 6. What is a strain? | a subgroup of a species with one or more characteristics that distinguish it from other subgroups or that species |
| 7. List the hierarchy of taxonomic ranks. | |
| 8. What is a dichotomous key? | taxonomic key used to identify organisms; composed of paired (either or) statements describing characteristics. |
| 9. List the five kingdoms. | Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia |
| 10. What organisms are in Kingdom Monera? | Bacteria-single cell - are prokaryotic (cell that lacks a true nucleus), single-celled organisms; -shapes (spherical, rod, or spiral) |
| 11. What group in Monera is the greatest concern to the health scientist? | |
| 12. What are the Archaeobacteria? List the 3 groups included in this taxon. | |
| 13. List some characteristics of Protista. | Algae- most are single-celled microscopic organisms but some are larger multicellular organisms (seaweed); most algae are nonpathogenic 2. Protozoans- some pathogens; most are single-celled eukaryotic organisms |
| 14. What group in the Protista is of most concern to health scientist? | |
| 15. How do fungi obtain their nutrientsz? | |
| 16. What groups in Kingdom Animalia are of concern to microbiologists? | |
| 17. What is lateral gene transfer? | genes pass from one organism to another within the same generation |
| 18. What is the study of viruses? | Virology |
| 19. List some (6) properties now used as criteria to classify bacteria. | |
| 20. What is the name of the accepted reference on the identification of bacteria? |
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