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Oceans 320 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Material is generally recycled within an ecosystem, while all the energy flowing through the ecosystem is eventually lost as heat (T/F) | T |
| While the basic photosynthesis reaction can occur without dissolved nutrients, nutrients are critical for sustained primary productivity (T/F) | T |
| Assuming an ecological efficiency of 10% for an ecosystem, one would predict that biomass at the 4th trophic level would be _____ that of the 2nd trophic level. | .10 (10%) transfer per level 1% transfer for 2 trophic levels .10 X .10 = .01 |
| To sink and enter the deep layer, local surface waters must have DENSITY than surrounding surface waters. | Both temperature and salinity have an effect |
| Bacteria play a critical role in the ocean by releasing nutrients from dead organic matter through respiration (T/F) | T |
| During high latitude winters, local primary productivity is largely limited by nutrient availability (T/F) | F |
| Upwelling tends to occur in the centers of oceanic gyres and produces locally cooler surface waters (T/F) | F |
| Photosynthesis | produces O2 and Carbs…… consumes C02 and H2O |
| Respiration | occurs in all organisms |
| As waters move through the deep layer via thermohaline circulation, their dissolved nutrients tends to increase and their dissolved oxygen tends to decrease (T/F) | T |
| recent “flattening” of the global catch curve could be interpreted as shift towards sustainable fishing, such interpretations are tempered by the fact that fisheries are exerting increasingly more effort to catch the same and decreasing amounts (T/F) | T |
| According to the maximum sustainable yield model, the greatest increase in catch per unit effort occurs when overall effort is very low (versus, say, moderate to high) (T/F) | F |
| A country may legally acquire ocean resources within another country’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (T/F) | T |
| Fishing intensity has been shifting farther offshore and into deeper waters in order to catch more and larger fish per unit effort. (T/F) | F |
| Fisheries have been targeting lower trophic levels because these are easier to catch and more profitable in the marketplace (T/F) | F |
| The processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification lead to progressively lower toxin concentrations at progressively higher trophic levels (T/F) | F |
| According to the Empty Oceans, Empty Nets documentary, trawling produces three pounds of unwanted by-catch for each pound of marketable shrimp (T/F) | (TRUE 3,5 sometimes more) |
| Sushi demand has been the major market force behind the decreasing abundance of bluefin tuna (T/F) | T |
| What processes helped efficiently develop stored hydrocarbon reservoirs in rocks layers geologic past? Tectonic Movements Marine Sedimentation, Faulting and Folding of Rock Layers, Volcanism and Lava Flows Ocean Currents, Plankton Productivit | Ocean Currents Plankton Productivity Tectonic Movements Marine Sedimentation Faulting and Folding of Rock Layers |
| Which two (2) of the following fluxes of oil into the environment are the smallest? :Natural Oil Seeps Oil Consumption Transportation of Oil Exploration and Production of Oil | Transportation of Oil Exploration and Production of Oil |
| Which of the following are considered “Persistent Organic Pollution”: Suspended microscopic plastic particles Dissolved hydrocarbon molecules from oil pollution Pharmaceutical pollution Pesticides in water runoff | Suspended microscopic plastic particles Dissolved hydrocarbon molecules from oil pollution Pharmaceutical pollution Pesticides in water runoff |
| Which of the following describes oil-bearing sandstone? high porosity, high permeability low porosity, low permeability high porosity, low permeability | high porosity, high permeability |
| Which of the following characteristics describes the oil-bearing shale layers which are currently being tapped by hydrofracking? | low porosity, low permeability |
| In the global carbon cycle, sequestration refers to: The natural storage of organic carbon on the ocean floor Engineering the removal and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide The carbon credits currently being discussed to reduce emissions | Engineering the removal and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide |
| The worst type of plastic pollution in the ocean is the large and visible pieces that end up floating in place called the Pacific Garbage Patch? (T/F) | F |
| Carbon Dioxide is an absolutely essential ingredient to create a healthy ocean ecosystem? (T/F) | T |
| Hydrocarbon reservoirs are the result of trapped organic carbon that has been completely decomposed by bacteria living in the ocean floor sediment? (T/F) | F |
| Oil is formed by burying organic carbon and then heating it for millions of years at temperatures over 200 degrees centigrade? (T/F) | F |
| The United States has been one of the last countries on Earth to start exploiting our oil reserves? (T/F) | F |
| The United States long ago passed regulations to conserve our hydrocarbon reserves so we now produce less carbon dioxide than most other industrialized countries? (T/F) | F |
| Since hydrocarbons is the Earth’s crust naturally decay over geologic time, the reserves that we are currently pumping out of the ground have formed very recently and none are older than the Cenezoic Era (T/F) | F |
| One of the unique features of the Gulf of Mexico Basin that has help to trap petroleum and natural gas is a thick layer of salt that was deposited early during the rifting of the super continent of Pangea? (T/F) | T |
| Because we now are drilling in such deeper water in the Gulf of Mexico, it takes a much longer time from production to completion? (T/F) | F |
| Even with the most modern technology and decades of experience drilling deep wells in very deep water, the Deep Water Horizon disaster was entirely human error, there were no technical or engineering failures? (T/F) | F |
| A majority (more than 50%) of the oil released into the environment during the Deep Water Horizon disaster evaporated, dissolved or degraded naturally? (T/F) | T |
| Natural oil seep contribute to most of the Oil released from the Deep Water Horizon breech will likely effect the benthic (ocean bottom) environment for a longer time than the surface pelagic environment? (T/F) | T |
| Biomagnification refers to the process of increasing concentrations of toxins as you move to higher tropic levels of the food chain? (T/F) | T |
| DDT and PCB are two synthetic organic pollutants that continue increase in concentration in the environment even though they have been outlawed? (T/F) | T |
| Even though bioavailability of DDT and PCB has decreased over time, the biomagnification of this toxin continues to be apparent? (T/F) | T |
Created by:
shannonclrk91
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