Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
dr. ray micro final
microbiology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1.) bacteriophage | virus that infect bacteria |
| 2.) protein coat of a virus | capsid |
| 3.)a virus with a membrane around the protein coat | envelope |
| 4.) how viruses are classified | helical viruses, polynedral viruses, enveloped viruses, complex viruses |
| 5.) what type of parasites viruses are | obligatory intracellular parasites |
| 6.) the ending of a virus family name | viridae |
| 7.) types of nucleic acids are found in viruses | DNA & RNA but never both |
| 8.) what form the nucleic acids might be found in? | double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA double stranded RNA, single stranded RNA |
| 9.) how viruses might be cultured? | viruses must be grown in living cells *animal & plant viruses may be grown in cell culture |
| 10.) transduction | the transfer of DNA from one cell to another by bacteriophage |
| 11.) the term for the entrance of animal viruses into host cells | receptor-mediated endocytes/fusim |
| 12.) how non-enveloped viruses exit host cells | non-enveloped viruses are released through ruptures in the host cell plasma membrane it contrasts to budding, this type of release, unusually results in the death |
| 13/14.) the name given to viruses that cause tumors | oncogenic viruses |
| 15.) prions | proteinaceous infectious particles |
| 16.) the temperature classifications of microbes | psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles |
| 17.) the pH range that bacteria grow best | between pH 6.5 & 7.5 |
| 18.) halophile | an organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth |
| 19.) how bacteria are classified by their oxygen requirements | *obligate aerobes-require oxygen *facultative anaerobes-absence of oxygen *obligate anaerobes-unable to use molecular oxygen |
| 20.) where biofilms frequently form? | usually attach to a surface such as a rock in a pond, a human tooth or a mucous membrane *form on almost all indwelling medical devices, including mechanical heart valves, catheters |
| 21.) what is used to make liquid medium hard in plates? | adgar |
| 22.) complex medium | made up of nutrients including extracts from yeasts, meat, or plants, or digests of proteins from those and other surfaces |
| 23.) what might be put in selective media to inhibit the growth of unwanted organisms? | salts, dyes, & other chemicals |
| 24.) what differential medias are used for | make it easier to distinguish colonies of desired organism from other colonies growing at the same plate |
| 25.) how to microbiologist obtains pure culture? | steak plate method |
| 26.) generation time | the time required for a cell to divide |
| 27.) different phases of bacterial logarithmic growth | *lag phase-little of no cell division *lag/experimental growth phase-cells begin divide, period of growth *stationary phase-period of equilibrium *death phase/logarithmic decline phase-period of logarithmic decrease in a decrease in a bacterial populat |
| 28.) the direct methods of measuring bacterial growth | plate counts, serial dilletions, pour plate method, spread plate method, filtration, most probable number method, direct microscopic count |
| 29.) what type of method uses a spectrophotometer for measuring bacterial growth? | turbidity |
| 30.) thermal death time | minimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temp. |
| 31.) the most effective method for moist heat sterilization? | autoclave |
| 32.) pasteurization | climinative pathogenic microbes in milk |
| 33.) filtration | passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material with pores small enough to retain microorganisms |
| 34.) why do microorganisms die in high salt or sugar concentrations? | high concentrations of these substances create a hypertonic environment that cause water to leave the microbial cell *this process resembles preservation by desiccation in that both methods deny the cell the moisture it needs for growth |
| 35.) the types of radiation and what they do to cells | *ionizing radiation-high energy radiation with a wave length less than 1nm; causes ionization, xrays and gamma rays are ex: *non ionizing radiation-short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization; ultraviolet radiation is an example... |
| continued... | microwave-electromagnetic radiation with wave length between 10^-1 & 10^-3m |
| 36.) disinfectant and antiseptic bacteria | disinfectant-any treatment used to inanimate objects or kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms antiseptic-a chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes |
| 37.) how do phenols affect bacteria? | (carbonic acid) phenolics increase its antibacterial activity in combination with a soap or detergent. phenolics exert antimicrobial activity by injuring lipid-containing plasma membranes which result in leakage of cellular contents |
| 38.) what are bisphenols commonly used in? | hexachlorphene-ingredient of a prescription lotion, pH isottex (used for surgical and hospital microbial control procedures) |
| 39.) how does alcohol affect bacteria? | usually protein denaturation, but alcohol can also disrupt membranes and dissolve many lipids, including the lipid component of enveloped viruses |
| 40.) which heavy metals can affect bacteria? | silver, mercury, copper *otigodynamic action-ability of very small amounts of heavy metals, especially silver and copper to exert antimircobial activity |
| 41.) what do soaps and detergents do? | important function in the mechanical removal of microbes through scrubbing *soap breaks the oily films into tiny droplets |
| 42.) quats | most widely used surface-active agents are the cationic detergents especially the quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) |
| 43.) what are nitrates and and nitrites used for? | added to many meat products as a substitute for oxygen under anaerobic conditions |
| 44.) how do aldehydes affect bacteria? (45.) most resistant to disinfectants-gram negative) (46.) most resistant structures/organisms to disinfection-psuedomonas, burkholdeia, mycobacrterium) (47 next slide) | used extensively to preserve biological specimens and inactive bacteria and viruses in vaccines |
| 48.) repressible genes (47.) structure of the bacterial chromosome-single long continuous frequently circularly arrange threads of dbl stranded DNA) | mechanism that exhibits gene expression and decreases the synthesis in enzymes |
| 49.) inducible genes | process that turns on the transcription of a gene or genes |
| 50.) operon | the operator and promoter sites and structural genes they control |
| 51/52.) types of mutations | 1.) base substitution-most common type of mutation involving single base pairs (point mutation). (a single base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base) |
| continued... | 2.)missense mutation-change in DNA where the base substitution results in amino acid substitution the synthesized protein 3.) nonsense mutations-a base substitution resulting a nonsense codon |
| continued.. | 4.) framshift mutations-changes in DNA, one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA 5.)spontaneous mutation-mutation that occurs without a mutagen 6.)mutagens-an agent in the enviroment that brings out mutations |
| 53.) what type of mutation does UV light cause? | skin cancer-mistakes in replication |
| 54.) why a low rate of mutation can be beneficial to an organism | random mutations at low frequency is an essential aspect of the adaptation of species to their environment for evolution requires that genetic diversity be generated randomly and at a low rate |
| 55.) what type of plating is used to detect auxotrophic mutants? | |
| 58.) what is it called when bacterial DNA is transferred to another bacterium by a bacteriophage? | transduction |
| 59.) plasmid | a small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosomes |
| 60.) transposons | a small piece of DNA that can move from one DNA molecule to another |
| 61.) first antibiotic discovered | penicillin |
| 62.) 5 modes of action of antimicrobial drugs on bacterial cells | 1.)inhibtion of cell wall synthesis:penicillins,cephalosporons,becitracin,vanomycin 2.) inhibtion of protein synthesis: chloramphenical, erythromycin,tetracycline,streptomycin 3.)inhibtion of nucleic acid rep. and transcription:quinolones,rifampin |
| continued.. | 4.)injury to plasma membrane:polymyxin B 5.)inhibtion of synthesis of essential metabolies:sulfnilamide,trimethorpim |
| 63.) antibiotics that affect a broad range of bacteria | broad specturm antibiodies |
| 64.) bacteriostatic and bactericidal | bacteriostatic-prevent microbes from growing bactericidal-kill microbes directly |
| 65.) which organism we have produced over half of the antibodies | screening soil samples/streptomyces |
| 67.) antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis | cephalosporins, polypeptides, penicillins |
| 68.) which antibodies inhibit protein synthesis | chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, streptogramins, macrolides, oxazolidines |
| 69.) antibiotics cause injury to cell membranes | lipopeptides |
| 70.) what sulfamides do to microorganisms? | treats microbial diseases |
| 71.) which drugs affect sterols in fungal membranes | the principal sterol is ergosterol. antifungals which include members of the polyene, azol, and allylamine groups |
| 72.) griseofulvin | inhibits microtubule formation, superficial dermatophytes |
| 78.) communicable disease | a disease that is spread from one host to another |
| 79.) classification diseases by frequency of occurance | incidence: fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time prevalence:fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time sporadic disease:disease that occurs occasionally in a population |
| continued... | endemic disease:disease constantly present in a population epidemic disease:disease aquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time pandemic:worldwide epidemic herd immunity:immunity in most of a population |
| 80.) herd immunity | immunity in most of a population |
| 81.) systemic infection | an infection throughout the body |
| 82.) what a disease that can be transmitted to humans by animals is called | zoonoses |
| 83.) different ways a disease can be transmitted | direct:requires close association between infected and susceptible host indirect:spread by fomites droplet:transmission via airborn droplets *transmission by in inanimate reservior (food,water,air) |
| 84.) disease acquired in the hospital | nosocomial infections |
| 85.) emerging infectious disease | diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future |
| 86.) who is credited with the beginning of epidmeiology? | john snow |
| 87.) what causes impetigo? | staph aureus |
| 88.) scalded skin syndrome | staph aureus |
| 89.) which streptococci are most pathogenic to humans? | streptococcus phylogeas group A (beta hemo) |
| 90.) pseudomonas aeruginosa | swimmers ear |
| 91.) shingles | chicken pox, herpes, zoster |
| 92.) opthalmia neonatorum | nisseria gonohria-neworns comes from mother |
| 93.) bacterial meningitis | haemophilus influenza, neisseria streptococcus meningitis, precmonia |
| 94.) tetanospasmin toxin | clostridium tentane |
| 95.) clostridium botulinum produces.. | botulism |
| 96.) why the salk and sabine vaccines were developed | polio virus |
| 97. lyssavrius causes.. | rabies |
| 98. what usually causes sub-acute bacterial endocarditis | alpha hemolytic streptococcus |
| 99.) bacillus anthracis causes.. | anthrax |
| 100. yersinia pestis causes.. | the plague |
| 101. lyme disease is caused by what? | borrelia burgdorferi |
| 102. what causes borrelia burgdoferi? | shape of lyme disease-spirochete |
Created by:
tiffanynp
Popular Science sets