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Biology 1408 Final
Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| characteristics of organisms | all living things evolve; through natural selection, organisms adapt to the enviroment in which they reproduce |
| Theory vs. Hypothesis | a theory is a hypothesis that has been tested many times and never proven false. |
| nucleus | center of an atom, contributes all of the positive charge and "all" of the mass |
| proton | charge of +, mass of 1; the atomic number |
| neutron | no charge; mass of 1; contributes to atomic mass but not to atomic number |
| electron | charge of -, essentially massless |
| chemical bond | ionic bond, transfer of valence electron from one atom to another, then attraction between ions |
| cohesive and adhesive | brings water to leaves for photosynthesis |
| "universal" solvent | molecules are dissolved in cytoplasm |
| ^ specific heat, heat vaporization | living things have a realitively constant temperature |
| solid phase less dense than liquid | evolution can continue year after year |
| takes part in chemical reactions | dehydration forms polymers, hydrolysis breaks them apart |
| calculate/define acid, base, alkaline | pH scale of 0-14 with 7 representing a neutral solution (pure water) pH lower than 7 is acidic; pH greater than 7 is alkaline or basic |
| how organic molecules differ | they have different functional groups and therefore different chemical reactivities |
| how simple sugars differ from complex carbohydrates | in the number of monosaccharides |
| primary structure of proteins | peptide bonds between amino acids |
| molecule of 2 nucleic acids | DNA |
| basic tenets of classical cell theory | everything is made of cells |
| structure NOT found in all cells | nucleus |
| found in ALL cells; makes protein | ribosomes |
| characteristics of prokaryotic cells | all lack DNA |
| characteristics of eukaryotic cells | cytoplasm compartmentalized by internal membranes |
| compare and contrast plant and animal cells | both are eukaryotic; some of their organelles differ (chloroplasts vs. no chloroplasts) |
| chloroplasts and mitochondria BOTH | both process energy |
| evidence of endosymbiosis theory | pores in the triple membrane of golgi bodies |
| describe plasmodesmata | cytoplasmic channels between plant cells |
| tight adhesion and gap junctions | gap junctions (cells in an animals heart, which need to contract together) |
| endergonic reactions | respiration is an example |
| what enzyme changes in a reaction | energy of activation |
| describe energy of activation | the energy required to break bonds in the reactants so bonds in the products can form |
| significance of feedback inhibition | a metabolic reaction is blocked by its product acting as an inhibitor, feedback inhibition maintains homeostasis |
| how molecules move in diffusion | down their concentration gradient and form an area of high concentration to one of low concentration |
| passive vs. active transport | passive transport requires no energy |
| moving particles against concentration gradient requires | BOTH ATP and transport protein must be involved |
| what cells carry out respiration and why | all kinds of cells because ATP is the energy currency of all cells |
| Why do we eat | to provide the carbon to carbon bonds for aerobic cellular respiration |
| why do we breath | to provide the final electron accepter in an electron transport chain |
| when there is not enough glucose in your diet | other molecules (other carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) enter the repiratory pathway |
| advantages of fermentation | in bacteria, fermentation generates ATP even though mitochondria are absent and in eukaryotic cells fermentation generates ATP when oxygen is in short supply |
| define photoautotrophs | producing the organic matter consumed by other organisms; plants, algae, and photo sythetic bacteria, manufactoring oganic matter from inorganic matter making our life possible |
| chemiosmosis in photosynthesis | functions as it does in aerobic cellular respiration and makes ATP |
| function of water in photosythesis | is the intial electron donor |
| How C4 differs from CAM photosythesis | C4 plants partion carbon dioxide fixation and reduction in space, CAM plants partion in time |
| How photosythesis is the same as aerobic cellular respiration | photosynthesis provides the glucose that is broken down in aerobic cellular respiration; aerobic cellular respiration uses the oxygen generated in photosynthesis, both pathways use oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions to transfer energy as electrons. |
| charateristics of binary fission | it is also asexual reporduction in prokaryotes |
| chromosomes are made of | nucleic acid and proteins |
| why cell cycle occurs in eukaryotic, not prokaryotic cells | eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes and their number must remain constant |
| mitosis vs. cytokinesis | mitosis is nuclear division, and cytokinesis is cytoplasmic division |
| animal cell fails G1 checkpoint | cell enters G0 will not ever divide |
| action to prevent cancer | not to smoke, and if you so smoke, then quit |
| how cancer cells differ from normal cells | cancer cells can enter the cell cycle even in the absence of growth factors |
| carbohydrates | provide the substrate for aerobic cellular respiration and provide fiber |
| lipids | needed for membrane integrity and palatability (make food taste good); deficiency rare. |
| proteins | provide the amino acids used to make enzymes |
| vitamins | organic, but NOT carbohydrates, lipid or protein, often coenzymes; micronutrient |
| minerals | INorganic, needed in small amounts; includes calcium, found in bones and teeth. |
| human nutrition terms | obese people can be malnourished (have a diet with too many calories yet deficient in essential nutrients) |
| arrangement of vascular tissue in monocots vs. eudicots | use a cheap selective herbicide that kills monocots; your crop is a eudicot |
| modifications of shoot's leaves and stem | (stem perform function of a leaf) In cactus; leaf is modified for protection so stem carries out photosythesis |
| modifications of root system | in cypress or mangrove, in orchids, for example when the soil is water logged and the root functions in gas exchange and when the plant is an epiphyte and the root is exposed to light |
| plant nutrition terms | macronutrients such as nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are provided by chemical fertilizers |
| transport in xylem | INorganic water and minerals are transported from the soil to the leaves against the pull of gravity. |
| How stomata open and close | under drought conditions guard cells lose water (become plasmolyzed or flaccid) and close the stomata and when water is plentiful, guard cells swell (become turgid) and open the stomata. |
| structure of connective tissue | the matrix is NOT living |
| define, examples of negative feedback | the response negates the original stimulus, temperature regulation, for example the primary mechanism maintaining homeostasis |
| which part of integumentary system meets definition of organ and why | dermis, because it includes connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue |
| coxal bone | part of the appendicular skeleton, girdle of leg |
| ligaments | connective tissue, hold bone to bone in synovial joints |
| osteoporosis | caused by lack of minerals in the diet |
| osteoblasts | living cells that build bone so breaks can be repaired |
| axial skeleton | protect the brain and spinal cord, heart and lungs |
| fast twitch muscles vs. slow twitch muscles | their color (fast twitch are white meat and slow twitch are dark meat) the source of ATP (fast twitch use lactic acid fermentation and slow twitch use aerobic cellular respiration) how many capillaries serve the muscle (few serve fast; many serve slow) |
| function of circulatory system | bring blood to every cell |
| water in plasma | dissolve molecules important to metabolism |
| formed elements | collective term for the living part of the blood |
| red blood cells | carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin |
| white blood cells | fight infection |
| platelets | fragments of cells that function in the clotting cascade |
| path of blood through the body | right side of heart, lungs, left side of heart, rest of body, right side of heart. |
| how to prevent cardiovascular disease | don't smoke and if you do then quit |
| composition of lymph | tissue fluid that will return to the blood at the lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
| functional unit of the respiratory system | alveoli, walls are only 1 cell think |
| how capillaries function in the respiratory system | contain the blood into and out of which gas is exchanged |
| how is ventilation (breathing) achieved | contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume in the thoracic cavitiy, Increased volume decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity atmospheric pressure is greater than pressure in the thoracic cavity the lungs inflate passively |
| internal respiration | opposite the direction in lungs and down their concentration gradients. |
| most important thing to know about the respiratory system | don't smoke and if you do then quit |
| all digestive organs have | lined with epithelial tissue |
| how epiglottis functions in digestion | closes the trachea and forces a bolus of food into the esophagus. |
| how stomach avoids digesting itself | negative feedback and enzyme specificity |
| how small intestines differ from large intestines | villi are found only in the small intestines |
| secretions of pancreas | bile to emulsify lipids |
| how humans regulate body temperature | ectothermy (NOT human) |
| excretory organ | kidney |
Created by:
jhardwick02
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