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microbio final exam
my microbio final exam!!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 23 | |
| Why is the skin difficult to colonize? | |
| What kinds of bacteria live on the skin? | |
| What is Staphylococcus epidermidis? | |
| What is Propionibacterium acnes? | |
| What does Streptococcus mutans do? | |
| S. aureus and S. epidermidis role in nose and mouth? | |
| What is a human infant’s mouth colonized with, and are they gram negative or positive? | |
| Where do Prevotella and Fusobacterium grow? | |
| What makes up the mucociliary escalator? | |
| Function? | |
| What lives in the stomach? | |
| At what pH? | |
| Is it an acidophile? | |
| How does it live? | |
| Ratio of anaerobes to facultative organisms? | |
| What organisms inhabit the intestine? Functions? What kind of organism is each? | |
| What disrupts the balance in the intestine microbial population? | |
| How does Clostridium difficile disrupt balance? | |
| What are probiotics? | |
| Most common genera? | |
| What do acidic secretions of the vagina favor? | |
| What does antibacterial antibiotic therapy allow in the vagina? | |
| How do commensal microbes benefit humans? | |
| What are opportunistic pathogens? | |
| What is immunocompromised? | |
| What is Bacteroids fragilis? | |
| Difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? | |
| What is blood made of? | |
| Where are WBCs formed? | |
| What are neutrophils and monocytes? | |
| What do monocytes differentiate into? | |
| What do basophils and eosinophils do? | |
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? | |
| Defense mechanisms | |
| Physical barriers to infection? | |
| What do mucous membranes do? | |
| What is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue? | |
| What do M cells do? (See image above) | |
| What are defensins? | |
| How do defensins work? | |
| Why are mice susceptible to Salmonella, but humans are not? | |
| What does the study about Salmonella vs. mice? | |
| What is the acute inflammatory response? | |
| What do resident macrophages do (and by releasing what)? | |
| What do capillary cells express in the acute inflammatory response, and what do they do? Why do they do this/how do they exit the bloodstream? | |
| So what is extravasation? | |
| What do damaged tissue secrete, and what does it do? | |
| What does histamine do? What is then released? | |
| What else is released? What does this do? | |
| What is the feeling in low prostaglandin? | |
| What do cytokines do? | |
| What makes up inflammation? (4 things) | |
| Watch acute inflammatory response video | |
| What is something phagocytes must avoid? | |
| How does it avoid this? | |
| What is opsonization? | |
| What two things does phagosome-lysosome fusion result in? What do these two things each include? | |
| What else does it result in? | |
| What do the mechanisms described above result in? | |
| What are interferons? | |
| What are natural killer cells? | |
| What is MHC? | |
| What do MHC class I antigens do? | |
| What happens when a natural killer cell encounters a cell lacking MHC class I? | |
| What are PAMPs? | |
| How are they recognized? | |
| What happens when toll-like receptors are bound to foreign ligands? | |
| What is the role of cytokines? | |
| What is the complement? | |
| What does it begin with? | |
| How does C3 work? | |
| What does the resulting C5b protein do? | |
| What is the complement factor opsonin? What does it do? | |
| What are the anaphylatoxins? What do they do? | |
| Know that there are multiple steps required to form membrane attack complex. | |
| What initiates the cascade of responses? | |
| What is it activated by? What happens then?’ | |
| What acts as the body’s thermostat? | |
| What causes fever? | |
| What does this stimulate? | |
| How is temperature increase a defense mechanism? |
Created by:
cindweeb
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