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genetics fundamental
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genetics | the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
| genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein |
| gametes | reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells |
| self-pollination | when sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the same flower; seeds that are produced inherit all of their characteristics from the single plant that bore them |
| parental generation | The generation that begins an experimental cross between organisms. Such a cross is used to study genetics and heredity of traits |
| cross-pollination | a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant |
| first filial generation | The first generation of offspring resulting from a cross of two parent organisms, abbreviated the F1 generation. |
| second filial generation | The offspring resulting from a cross between members of the first filial (F1) generation |
| Principle of Dominance | mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive |
| dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present |
| recessive | The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism |
| homozygous | Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
| homozygous dominant | Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA) |
| homozygous recessive | Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa) |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait |
| Principle of Segregation | When gametes form, each pair of factors will separate, with one half of the gametes getting one factor and one half of the gametes getting the other factor |
| Principle of Independent Assortment | states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes allele one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype |
| probability | a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur |
| product rule | The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of the individual probabilities. |
| Punnett Square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| testcross | a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring |
| monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits |
| dihybrid cross | A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits |
| incomplete dominance | creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other |
Created by:
lisaredmer
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