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Genetics- Spring 13
BIOL 362
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Regulated Genes | Control cell growth and cell division. Expression is regulated by environmental needs. Non-continuous |
| Constitutive Genes | Continuously expressed. Housekeeping genes. |
| Operon | Cluster of genes: promoter, repressor, operator, coding sequences, terminator |
| Inducer | chemical or environmental agent that initiates transcription of an operon |
| Induction | synthesis of gene product(s) in response to an inducer |
| Short-term gene regulation | genes are quickly turned on or off in response to the environment and demands of the cell |
| long-term gene regulation | genes for development and differentiation |
| Conjugation | Unidirectional transfer of Genetic Material between donor and recipient. Segment of donor chromosome recombines with the homologous recipient chromosome. |
| Transformation | Unidirectional transfer of extracellular DNA into cells, resulting in a phenotypic change in the recipient. |
| Generalized Transduction | transfer of any gene |
| Specialized transduction | transfer of specific genes |
| cis-trans complementation test | Used to determine the number of functional genes, defined by a given set of mutations. |
| Chromosomal Mutations | Arise spontaneously, induced by chemicals or radiation. |
| Deletion | Begins with a chromosome break. No reversion; DNA is missing. |
| Pseudodominance | deletion of the dominant allele of a heterozygote results in phenotype or recessive allele |
| Duplication | doubling of chromosome segments |
| Inversion | Chromosome segment excises and reintegrates in opposite orientation |
| Pericentric | inversion that includes the centromere |
| Paracentric | Inversion that does not include the centromere |
| Translocation | Change in location of chromosome segment; no DNA is lost or gained |
| Aneuploidy | variation in the number of individual chromosomes |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or II |
| Nullisomy | Loss of one homologous chromosome pair |
| Monosomy | Loss of a single chromosome |
| Trisomy | One extra chromosome |
| Tetrasomy | One extra chromosome pair |
| Monoploidy | one of each chromosome (No homologous pair) |
| Polyploidy | More than one pair of each chromosome |
| Promoters | Occur upstream of the transcription start site, can determine if and where transcription begins. Activated by a transcription factor. |
| Enhancers | Occur upstream or downstream. Regulatory proteins bind specific enhancer sequences. |
| Alternative polyadenylation | where the polyA tail is added |
| Alternative splicing | exons are spliced |
| Deadenylation | "Tail-chopping" |
| Short-Lived proteins | steroid receptors |
| Long-lived proteins | lens proteins in your eyes |
| Development | interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm and external environment to produce a programmed sequence of events |
| Differentiation | formation of cell types, tissues and organs through specific gene regulation. |
| Polar cytoplasm | molecular gradients |
| Maternal effect genes | expressed by the mother during egg production; the control polarity of the egg and thus the embryo. |
| Oncogenesis | process of initiation of tumors in an organism |
| Tumor | Tissue composed of cells that deviate from normal program of cell division and differentiation |
| Benign tumor | tumor cells remain together in a single mass and do not invade or disrupt surrounding tissues. |
| Malignant tumor | tumor cells invade and disrupt surrounding tissues |
| Metastasis | spread of malignant tumor cells throughout the body. |
| Terminally Differentiated | Highly specialized cells |
| Stem Cells | capable of self-renewal, without undergoing terminal differentiation |
| Proto-oncogenes | genes that posses normal gene products and stimulate normal cell development |
| Oncogenes | stimulate unregulated cell proliferation |
| Tumor viruses | RNA and DNA tumor viruses stimulate cell activity |
| Retrovirus | single-stranded RNA virus that replicates via double-stranded DNA intermediate |
| Empirical Population Genetics | measures and quantifies aspects of genetic variation in populations |
| Theoretical Population Genetics | explains the variation in terms of mathematical models of the forces that change allele frequencies |
| Genotypic Frequency | Count the individuals with one genotype and divide by the total number of individuals |
| Allelic Frequency | gene counting |
| Hardy-Weinberg | population is infinitely large, mating is random, no natural election, no mutation, no migration |
| Allele frequency cline | Allele frequencies change in a systematic way geographically |
| Polymorphism | % of loci or nucleotide positions showing more than one allele or base pair |
| Heterozygosity | % of individuals that re heterozygotes |
| Allele/haplotype diversity | measure of # and diversity of different alleles/ haplotypes within a population |
| Nucleotide diversity | measure of number and diversity of a variable nucleotide positions within sequences of a population |
| Genetic Distance | measure of number of base pair differences between two homologous sequences |
| Synonomous/ nonsynonomous substitutions | % of nucleotide substitutions that do not/ do result in amino acid replacement |
| Mutation | Heritable changes within DNA, Source of all genetic variation, raw material for evolution |
| Founder effect | a population is initially established by a small number of breeding individuals |
| Bottleneck effect | effects of genetic drift when a population is dramatically reduced in size. |
| Genetic Drift | Decreases variation due to loss of alleles, produces divergence and substantial changes in small populations through bottlenecks, founder events and geographic isolation |
| Migration | Rates and types of migration vary, increases effective population size and decreases divergence by encouraging gene flow. |
| Natural Selection | Increases or decreases genetic variation depending on the environment, continues to act after equilibrium has been achieved; balanced with other forces. |
| Non-random mating | Inbreeding decreases variation and in some cases fitness, and contributes to the effects of the other processes by decreasing effective population size. |
| Continuous traits | continuous distribution of phenotypes |
| Homology | shared similarity derived from common ancestry |
| Taxon | Monophyletic group of organisms recognized by a set of shared characters and sufficiently distinct from other such groups to be ranked in a taxonomic category. |
| Category | Hierarchical level to which taxa are assigned in a classification |
| Monophyly | descent from a common ancestor; every true taxon is monophyletic |
| Polyphyly | Descent from more than one ancestral lineage |
| Homoplasy | Similarity derived from convergence, parallelism or reversal |
| Convergence | Independent acquisition of a similar character by two or more taxa whose common ancestor lacked that character. |
| Parallelism | Independent acquisition of the dame or similar characters by more closely related lineages. Ancestral lineages possessed the same character state. |
| Reversal | Reappearance of an ancestral character as the result of the loss of a derived character. |
| Synapomorphy | shared derived homologous characters inferred to have been present in the nearest common ancestor, but not ancestors outside this group |
| Symplesiomorphy | shared ancestral homologous character inferred to have been present in the nearest common ancestor and in earlier ancestors |
| Autapomorphy | unique derived character present in only one of two sister groups. |
Created by:
ltbailey
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