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2013 Yoder Bio 6
2013 Yoder Bio 6th Hour
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | controls most of the cells activity growth and development. Determines how and why proteins are made. Holds the greatest information that is passed though out the cell. Location |
| Cell Membrane | Gives the cell its shape. Holds the cytoplasm. Controls movement in and out. Protects the cell. Location |
| Ribosome | Proteins are made in the ribosome. Any given cell could have up to a million of these things. Location |
| Chromosome | information that determines traits of the living. Location |
| Cytoplasm | clear, jelly like substance that makes up most of the cell. This is where the chemical rxn takes place. Mostly made of water. A network of canals moves materials around from place to place. Takes up all empty spaces. Location |
| Mitochondria | Rod |
| Chloroplast | Contains green pigments. Traps energy from the sun to make food. Gives plants its green color. Location |
| Vacuole | Liquid fills space, stores food, water and minerals. Location |
| Centrioles | help in cell reproduction. They exist in pairs. Location |
| Golgi apparatus/ Golgi body | Packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane bound vesicles for “export” from the cell. Location |
| RER | continuous with outer nuclear membrane. Covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Transports materials through the cell and produces proteins which are sent to the gogi body or inserted into the cell membrane. Location |
| SER | transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids and membrane proteins. SER buds off RER, moving the newly |
| Four macromolecules – | lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
| Proteins | – large molecules of amino acids |
| Lipids – Fatty acids | Fatty acids |
| Carbohydrates – | Any large group of compounds |
| Nucleic Acids | a complex organic substance |
| Protein monomer | amino acid |
| Carbohydrate monomer | monosaccharaides (glucose, fructose) |
| Lipid monomer | glyceride + 1 fatty acid |
| Nucleic Acid monomer | nucleotide |
| Nucleotides – | made of 3 parts: 2 fivecarbon sugars (Deoxyribose and ribose) and a nitrogen |
| Mitosis | Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
| Meiosis | Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half during the separation of homologous chromosomes in diploid cell |
| Cell Division | Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
| Interphase | Period of a cell cycle between cell divisions |
| Prophase/Prophase 1+2 | First and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses to become visible |
| Metaphase/Metaphase 1+2 | Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| Anaphase/Anaphase 1+2 | Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase/Telophase 1+2 | Phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin |
| Cytokinesis | Division of cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
| Sexual Reproduction | Type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism |
| Asexual Reproduction | Process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in an offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| Analogous structures | body parts that share common function, but not structure |
| Homologous structures | structures shared by a related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor |
| Vestigial structures | structures inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures |
| Hutton | proposed that slow |
| Malthus | wrote an Essay on the Principle of Population. He predicted that, left unchecked, the human population will grow beyond the space and food needed to sustain it. |
| Lamarck | Published his hypothesis of the inheritance of acquired traits. His ideas were flawed, but he was one of the first to propose a mechanism explaining how organisms change over time. |
| Darwin | Published the Origin of Species: came up with the theory of natural selection. |
| Lyell | explained that over long periods, the same processes affecting Earth today have shaped the Earth’s ancient geological features. |
| Evolution | the process of change over time. |
| Fossil | preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms |
| Artificial selection | when nature provides variations in DNA, and humans select the traits they find useful. |
| Adaptation | a heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Fitness | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Natural selection | the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environments survive and leave more offspring. |
| What makes up a cell membrane? | The cell membrane is a thin semi |
| “p“ in ph | – power in unknown language |
| “H” in pH – | hydrogen ion concentration |
| Vasodilation – | The increase of internal diameter of blood vessels that is caused by relaxation of smooth muscle within the wall of the vessels, thus causing an increase in blood flow. |
| Vascoconstriction – | Decreases the internal diameter of blood vessels and constricting the vessel. |
| The pH Scale Measures – measures how acidic or basic a substance is. It ranges from 0 | 14. If lower than 7 it’s acid. If above 7 it’s a base or alkaline. (7 is neutral) |
| pH 0 through 6 | Acidic |
| pH7 – | Neutral |
| pH 8 through 14 – | Basic (alkaline) |
| Ions for pH positive/negative | Positive ions projects ongoing in the sky and air we breath & aerosol cans/ Negative ions are not present in normal numbers because the conditions that have generated them have been limited or overcome. |
| Genome | an entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
| Sex Chromosomes | one of two chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex |
| Autosomes | Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Dominant Trait | a trait that will take priority over recessive alleles if there is a single dominant allele present it will always effect the phenotype over the recessive. |
| Recessive Trait | a trait that will not show up in a phenotype if a dominant allele is present. It is the lesser priority of the two alleles. |
| Sex Linked Gene | gene located in a chromosome |
| Pedigree | chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | physical makeup of an organism |
| Disorders caused by genes | Sickle cell anemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington disease. Certain disorders can cause individuals to be more likely to contract certain illnesses and diseases such as Typhoid fever, Malaria, |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | a disease that causes the shape of the red blood cells to change usually caused by point mutation. |
| Cystic Fibrosis | a disease caused from the deletion of three bases; causing an amino acid to be removed. The effects of this can range from no symptoms, to serious digestive issues. |
| Huntington Disease | disease caused by a dominant allele for a protein found in brain cells; causing a repetition of the codon CAG (glutamine). Symptoms include uncontrollable movement and mental disorders. |
| Non disjunction | an error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly. |
| Sugars – | Sugars like glucose supply immediate energy for cells activities, also many organisms store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates, like starches |
| Amino Acids – | polymers of molecules, and there are 50 kinds of amino acids |
| Monosaccharide – | single sugar molecules like glucose, galactose, and fructose. |
| Disaccharide – | compound made by joining two simple sugars like, sucose or table sugar. |
| Function on Lipids – | used to store energy and make up parts of all cell membranes. |
| Function of Carbohydrates – | main source of energy in living organisms. |
| Function of nucleic acids – | store and transmit hereditary information. |
| Function of Proteins – | makeup most of your body. |
| Krebs Cycle and the role it plays – | Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into CO2 and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2, it also produces energy. |
| ATP(start and finish with how many?) | Start 2 ATP, End 36 ATP |
| Total ATP at each cycle – | Krebs 2 ATP, Glycolysis 2 ATP, ETC 32 ATP |
| Chemical formula of glucose – | C6H12O6 |
| Glukus in Greek means | Sweet |
| Species | A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. |
| Speciation | The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
| Patterns of Evolution | The four different types of evolution Coevolution, Convergent, Parallel, |
| Coevolution | The evolution of one species in response to the evolution of another |
| Convergent | Two or more unrelated species that have adopted similar adaptations to their environment |
| Parallel | Two or more species that continued to evolve similar characteristics even after thei divergence form common ancestor. |
| Divergent | Two or more spcies that evolved from a common ancestor |
| Adaptive Radiation | The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches |
| Adaptive | Having the capacity for adaptation |
| Evolution | The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms |
| Cell Respiration | The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances |
| Glycolysis | The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid(literally means |
| Anaerobic Respiration | The way for and organism to produce usable energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN |
| Aerobic Respiration | One of the key ways a cell gains useful energy. REQUIRES OXYGEN |
| Electron Transport Chain(ETC) | were majority of the ATP is produced |
| Citric Acid Cycle | (Kerbs Cycle) The sequence of reaction by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. |
| Fertilization | a process in which the male and female sex cell join |
| Allele | a pair of genes on a chromosome that control a trait |
| Trait | characteristics of an individual that can be caused by genes or by environment |
| Genes | specific sequence of DNA or RNA that transmits characteristics from one generation to the next |
| Gametes | male or female sex cell |
| Probability | the chance of something happening |
| Punnett Square | a tool to help illustrate possible allele combinations |
| Incomplete Dominance | a dominance in which the dominant trait can only be partially expressed |
| CoDominance | a dominance in which both recessive and dominant traits are expressed resulting in a offspring with neither trait |
| Multiple Alleles | three of more alleles for one gene |
| Polygenic traits | a trait that is controlled by a group of genes |
| Homologous | Having a similar structure in different organisms suggesting a common ancestry |
| Diploid | a cell that has two sets of chromosomes (typically, one from mother and other from the father) |
| Haploid | a cell that has only half of the chromosomes it needs, needs to bond with another haploid |
| Extinct | a term that is used to refer to a species that has died out and has no more family members |
| Paleontologist | scientist who study fossils |
| Relative Dating | method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of each rock layer |
| Index fossil | distinctive fossil that is used to compare the relative ages of fossils |
| Radiometric Dating | method for determining the age of a sample from the amount of radioactive isotope to the non |
| Half Life | length of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay |
| Geologist Time Scale | time line used to represent Earths history |
| Eras | major division of geologic time, usually divided into two or more periods |
| Periods | division of geologic time into witch eras are subdivided |
| Plate Techtronic’s | geologic processes such as continental drift, volcanoes, and earth quakes, resulting from plate movement |
| Macro Evolution | changes in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior that take place in clades longer than a single species |
| Background Extinction | extinction caused by slow and steady process of natural selection |
| Mass Extinction | event during a short period where a species die out |
| Gradualism | the evolution of a species by species gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time |
| Chromatin | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated Chromosome |
| Centromere | region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatics attach |
| G1 Phase | the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. |
| G2 Phase | the third and final sub phase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding Mitosis. G2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. |
| S Phase | (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated |
| Embryo | developing stage of a multicellular organism |
| Differentiation | process during the beginning of development in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Tetrad | structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| Calorie vs. Calorie | Calories are used to describe the energy |
| ATP Produced during cell rep. | Glycolysis=2ATP Kerbs cycle=2ATP ETC=32 ATP |
| Macromolecules and energy per units | Carbohydrates /structural materials,forms of energy,or storage energy. Lipids are used as energy storage , and signaling molecules /consist of fats. Nucleic acids / nucleotides. Proteins function made up of amino acids |
| Frameshift mutation | A type of gene mutation wherein the addition or deletion of (a number of) nucleotide(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA, thus, may eventually lead to the alteration in the amino acid sequence at protein translation. |
| Deletion | a chromosome abnormality in which part of a single chromosome has been lost |
| Insertion | The place of attachment, as of a muscle to the bone which it moves |
| Point mutation | mutation that causes the replacement of a single base pair with another pair |
| Bonding the connects DNA bases | weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom |
| Three types of rna | messenger mRNA, transfer tRNA, ribosomal rRNA |
| Nucleotides | The basic building blocks of nucleic acids, it is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group |
| DNA polymerase | DNA polymerase (DNAP) is a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules |
| Mutagen | An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element, that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism. |
| DNA stands for | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Nucleotides | consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), one of four bases (C,T,A,G), and a phosphate. |
| Bonding | bases are connected with covalent bonds |
| 4 nitrogenous bases | adenine (A), Guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) |
| Where is DNA? | in the cell nucleus of eukaryotes |
| Shape of DNA | double helix, like a twisted ladder |
| Watson/Crick | published their model of the DNA double helix |
| Chargaff | discovered adenine and thymine are almost equal, as the amounts of guanine and cytosine |
| Franklin | she recorded critical x |
| Telomere | repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome |
| DNA vs. RNA | DNA is a genetic code written in a molecule. RNA is a nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides. |
| Replication | process of copying DNA prior to cell division |
| mRNA | molecules that carry copies of instructions |
| substitution mutation | a single nucleotide is substituted with a different nucleotide. |
| Photosynthesis equation | carbon dioxide + oxygen/carbohydrates + sulfer compounds |
| Glycolysis happens where? | in cytoplasm |
| Glucose and the role it plays | fuels the body cells |
| Consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply. Producer |
| Allele frequency | is the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool for the same gene. |
| Behavioral isolation | two populations that are capable of interbreeding develop differences in courtship rituals or behaviors. |
| Bottleneck effect | is a change in a allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in size of a population. |
| Directional selection | occurs when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or other end of the curve. |
| Disruptive selection | occurs when individuals at the outer ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve. |
| Founder effect | occurs when allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population. |
| Genetic drift | Is the kind of random change in allele frequency. |
| Geographical isolation | occurs when two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water. |
| Hardy Weinberg principle | states that allele frequencies in a population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change. |
| Polygenic traits | are many traits controlled by two or more genes. |
| Reproductive isolation | is when two or more populations no longer interbreed. |
| Sexual selection | is when species individuals select mates based on heritable traits, such as size, strength, or coloration. |
| Single gene trait | a trait controlled by one gene. |
| Stabilizing selection | is when individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than the individuals at either end. |
| Temporal isolation – | occurs when two more species reproduce at different times. |
| Binomial nomenclature | Scientific naming of species which each receives a Latin name of two parts; first indicating the genus and the second being the specific epithet. |
| Genes | The fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity. |
| Family | Taxon of similar phyla or divisions. |
| Order | A taxonomic rank used in classifying organisms. |
| Species | The lowest taxonomic rank and the most basic unit. |
| Kingdom | A taxonomic rank that is composed of smaller groups called phyla. |
| Phylum | A group of classes with similar distinctive characteristics. |
| Class | A group or set with common characteristics, attributes, qualities or traits. |
| Systematic | Pertaining or according to a system. |
| Taxa | A taxonomic category or group |
| Domain | The highest taxonomic rank of organisms in which there are three groupings: Archea, Bacteria and Eukarya. |
| Cladogram | A branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific species of organisms. |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping organisms. |
| Prokaryotes | An cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane. |
| Eukaryotes | A single |
| Hybridization | breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms. |
| Inbreeding | continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the derived characteristics of kind of organism. |
| Biotechnology | process of manipulating organisms, cells, or molecules, to produce specific products. |
| Transgenic | term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms. |
| Clone | member of population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. |
| GM crops | genetically modified foods derived from genetically modified organisms. |
| GM animals | genetically modified organisms or genetically engineered organism is an organism whose genetic material has been altered. |
| Gene therapy | process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder. An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene. |
| DNA fingerprinting | tool used by biologists that analyzes an individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments; used to determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person. |
| Forensics | scientific study of crime scene evidence. |
| Pigments | light absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the suns energy |
| Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from? | sunlight with pigments |
| Chlorophyll | principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
| Thylakoids | saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplast |
| Stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplast outside the thylakoids |
| An electron carrier is a? | compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule |
| NADP+ | carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons form chlorophyll to other molecule |
| Photosynthesis uses the energy of? | sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen |
| Light dependent reactions | a set of reactions in photosynthesis that carry energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
| Light independent reactions | a set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar also known as the Calvin Cycle. |
| Robert Hooke | used an early compound microscope to discover tiny chambers he soon named cells. |
| Leeuwenhoek | used single lens microscope to observe and identified bacteria. |
| Cells | basic units of life. |
| Schleiden | concluded that all plants are made of cells. |
| Schwann | concluded all animals are made of cells. |
| Virchow | concluded that new cells can be produced only from the division of existing cells. |
| Cell theory | fundamental concept of biology that states all living things are made up of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. |
| What’s the difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? | prokaryotes do not separate their genetic material within the nucleus and are less complex, while in eukaryotes the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell. |
| What is the role of the chromosomes in cell division? | Cells must first make a copy of their genetic information before cell division takes place. |
| Cell Cycle | Series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. |
| What are the main events of the cell cycle? | During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. |
| Prokaryotic Cell Cycle | Regular pattern of growth, DNA replication and cell division that can take place very rapidly under ideal conditions. The process of cell division in prokaryotes is a form of asexual reproduction known as binary fisson. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | Consists of 4 Phases: G1, S, G2, and M |
| Interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| G1 Phase (Cell Growth) | Cells do most of their growing, increasing in size, and synthesizing new proteins and organelles. |
| S Phase (DNA Replication) | New DNA is synthesized when chromosomes are replicated containing twice as much DNA than in the beginning. |
| G2 Phase (Preparing for Cell Division) | Shortest of the three phases of interphase, when many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced. |
| M Phase (Cell Division) | When two daughter cells are produced |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to from two separate daughter cells |
| Centromere | Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach |
| What do light dependent reactions from? | oxygen and carriers of ATP and NADPH. |
| What happens in the light independent? | During the light independent reactions ATP and NADPH that form the light Dependent reaction are used to Produce High energy sugar. |
| What are the most important factors that affect photosynthesis? | They are temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water. |
| Can Photosynthesis stop entirely? | Photosynthesis can stop entirely if low temperature. |
| Why are most plants green? | The green color of most plants is caused by the reflection of green light by the pigment chlorophyll, pigments capture light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis. |
| True/False Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive? | True |
| What does polygenic mean? | “many genes” |
| Does the environment have a role in how genes determine traits? | Environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits |
| RNA | Involved in putting DNA into action, it stands for Ribonucleic acid |
| Messenger RNA | It carries information from one part of the cell to the other parts |
| Ribosomal RNA | proteins that make up subunits of a cell |
| Transfer RNA | when a protein is built a transfer RNA moves the amino acid to the ribosomes |
| Transcription | segments of DNA that serve as templates to produce RNA molecules |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that transcription requires |
| Introns | portions of DNA that are cut out and not used |
| Exons | The remaining pieces of DNA after introns are taken out |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity |
| Fertilization | The process that produces a new cell |
| Trait | A specific characteristic of an individual |
| Hybrids | The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| Genes | Factors that are passed from parent to offspring |
| Alleles | The different forms of a gene |
| Principle of Dominance | A principle that states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive |
| Segregation | The separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| Gametes | A sex cell |
| Heredity | The delivery of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| Who founded the modern science of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What is the males reproductive cell called? | Sperm |
| What is the females reproductive cell called? | Egg |
| True/False Many traits vary from one individual to another | True |
| What is a true breeding plant? | A plant that produces identical offspring |
| Cross pollination | take the sperm from one plant and put it onto the egg of another plant |
| Where does an organism get its unique characteristics? | It inherits them from its parents |
| How are different forms of a gene distributed to offspring? | During gamete formation the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene |
| Polypeptide | long chain of amino acids that make proteins |
| Genetic code | collection of codons of MRNA each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid |
| Codon | group of three nucleotides basis in MRNA that specify particular amino acid to be inquorate into protein. |
| Translation | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template. |
| Anticodon | group of three bases on a RNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of codons of MRNA. |
| Gene expression | process which a gene produces its products and the product carry out its function. |
| What is the genetic code and how is it read? | the genetic code is read three reasoned to a single amino acid |
| What role dose the ribosome play in assembling proteins? | ribosomes use the sequence of codons in MRNA to assemble amino acid in polypeptides chains |
| What is AUG AAC UCU? | a codon is a group of three nucleotides bases in messenger RNA that specifies a particular amino acids |
| What are the chemical components of DNA? | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is the meaning of base pairing? | Principle that bonds in DNA |
| What does helix mean? | Extended spiral chain of units in a protein |
| Who was a British scientist in the 1950s? | Rosalind Franklin |
| What does the double helix model tell us about DNA? | Double helix model explains Chargaff’s rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together |
| Base pairing | A pairs with T, G pairs with C |
| Selective Breeding | Allowing only those animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation |
| Hybridization | Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms |
| Inbreeding | Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics |
| Biotechnology | Application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms |
| Polyploidy | Polyploidy plants and animals have many sets of chromosomes |
| Mutation | Heritable change in DNA |
| What did Charles Darwin suggest about the world and organisms? | He suggested that the world was very old and organisms could evolve or change over time |
| Evolution | the change over time of organisms |
| What did Darwin suggest about animals of the same species? | He suggested that they could be very different depending on their environment |
| What did Darwin notice about same species living in the same area? | He noticed that they could be very different depending on their habitats |
| How did Darwin connect fossils with present day animals? | They are all similar |
| What does evidence suggest about species? | Evidence suggests that species are not fixed and they can change at any time by natural processes |
| Fossils | preserved remains or traces of ancient animals |
| Canopy | Tall trees from a dense, leafy covering. |
| Understory | In the shade below the canopy shorter trees and vines form a layer. |
| Deciduous | A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season. |
| Coniferous | Trees or conifers, produce seed |
| Taiga | Dense forest of coniferous evergreens along the northern edge of the temperate zone. |
| Permafrost | A layer of permanently frozen sub soil. |
| What abiotic and biotic factors characters biomes? | Biomes are described in terms of abiotic factors like climate and soil type, and biotic factors like plant and animal life. |
| Demography | Scientific study of human populations |
| Thomas Malthus | English economist who suggested that the limiting factors of human populations were war, famine, and disease. His ideas later influenced the opinions of Charles Darwin |
| Demographic transition | Dramatic change from high birthrates/death rates to low birthrates/death rates |
| Age structure | Comparisons between the populations of each age |
| How has human population size changed over time? | The human population, like populations of other organisms, tends to increase. The rate of that increase has changed dramatically over time. |
| Why do population growth rates differ among countries? | Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other countries grow more slowly. |
| Ecological succession | a series of more or less predictable changes that occur in a community over time |
| Ecosystems changer over time especially after disturbances as some die out and…? | New species move in |
| Primary succession | succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community. |
| Pioneer species | first species to populate an area during succession |
| Ecological succession | involves changes that occur one after the other as species move into and out of a community |
| Secondary succession | when disturbance affects the community with out completely destroying it. |
| One species alters its environment other species find it easier to complete for? | Resources |
| In _________ succession healthy ecosystems follow natural disturbances that often reproduce the original climax community? | Secondary |
| ________ may or may not recover from extensive human caused disturbances? | Ecosystems |
| Weather | The day to day condition of earth’s atmosphere |
| Climate | Average conditions over long periods |
| Microclimates | Environmental conditions can very over small distances |
| Greenhouse effect | Allows visible light to enter but traps heat |
| What is the regions climate defined by? | It is defined by the year to year patterns of temperature and precipitation. |
| What factors determine global climate? | Global climate is shaped by many factors, including solar energy trapped in the biosphere, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents. |
| Embryo is | developing stage of a multicellular organism |
| Specialized plant cells are cells that | store sugar, transport materials and carry out photosynthesis |
| Differentiation is | process by which cells become specialized |
| The process of differentiation determines | cells identity |
| Totipotent cells | cells able to develop into any type of cell found in the body |
| Blastocyst | hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside |
| What is the difference between outer cells and inner cells | outer cells form a tissue that attaches the embryo to its mother. Inner cell mass becomes the embryo itself |
| Pluripotent cells | cells that can develop into most but not all of the body’s cell types |
| The unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop are known as | stem cells |
| Multipotent cells | cells with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells |
| Stem cells offer the potential benefit of using undifferentiated cells to | repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues |
| Harvest | is the act or process of gathering |
| Energy is | The ability to do work. |
| Energy comes | In many forms such as: light, heat, and electricity. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy. |
| ATP consists of | Adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Compound that looks almost like ATP, but has two phosphate groups instead of three, energy can be stored in small amounts by adding phosphate groups to ADP molecules(producing ATP). |
| ATP can easily | Release and store energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between its phosphate group, making it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells. |
| Difference between ATP and ADP | ATP is better for transferring energy, and ADP can store larger amounts of energy. |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things for energy. |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that make their own food. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which autotrophs use energy of sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches) that can be used as food. |
| In the process of photosynthesis | Plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates. |
| Cyclin | one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cell |
| Growth factor | one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells |
| Cancer | disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth |
| Tumor | mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue |
| Regulate | to control or direct |
| What is the problem with cancer cells? | Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells |
| What causes cancer? | cancers are caused by defects in gene that regulate cell growth and division |
| What is the passive transport? | Every living cell exists in a liquid environment. Most important functions of the cell membrane is to keep the cells internal conditions relatively constant, it does this by regulating the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. |
| What does cellular cytoplasm consists of? | Many different substances dissolved in water. In any solution, solute particles move constantly. They collide with one another and tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| Diffusion | Is the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| What is diffusion? | It’s the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane. |
| Passive transport | Is the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy. |
| What does diffusion depend on? | It depends on random particles. Therefore substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use additional energy. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Is the process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels. |
| Aquaporins | Water channel protein in a cell. |
| Osmosis | Is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Isotonic | When the concentration of two solutions is the same. |
| Hypertonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration solutes. |
| Osmotic pressure | Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| What is active transport? | The movement of materials against a concentration difference. |
| Active transport | Requires energy. |
| Endocytosis | Is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or packets of the cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | is a type of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. |
| What are two reasons why cells divide rather than continuing to grow? | The larger a cell becomes the more demands the cell places on its DNA and a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane. |
| Where do living cells store critical information? | In a molecule known as DNA. |
| What is used for cell growth? | The information is used to build molecules needed for cell growth. |
| Why are cells like towns? | If the cell or “town” gets too large it would more difficult to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in and waste products. |
| What depends on cells volume? | The rate at which food and oxygen are used up and waste products are produced depends on the cells volume. |
| What depends on surface area? | The rate at which the exchange takes place depends on the surface on the cell which is the total area of the cell membrane. |
| What is cell division? | The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells. |
| What happens before cell division occurs? | The cell replicates |
| The production of genetically of genetically identical offspring from a single parent is known as what? | Asexual reproduction |
| Asexual reproduction also occurs in what kind of organisms? | Multicellular organisms |
| What is sexual reproduction? | A type of reproduction in which cells form from two parents. Two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism. |
| How do plants reproduce? | Asexually |
| What is a survival strategy for single celled organisms? | Asexual Reproduction |
| What is a disadvantage? | Lack of Genetic Diversity |
| What is a different strategy? | Sexual Reproduction, it requires a mate which provides the genetic diversity. |
| Which organisms reproduce both sexually and asexually? | Yeast |
| What is cytoplasm? | Portion of the cell outside the nucleus. |
| What are organelles? | Specialized organs, “little organs” |
| What is a vacuole? | Large, saclike, membrane |
| What are lysosomes? | Small organelles filled with enzymes |
| What is a cytoskeleton? | A network of protein filaments |
| What are microfilaments? | Threadlike structures made up of a protein. |
| What are microtubules? | Hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. |
| What is a centriole? | Located near the nucleus and help organize cell division. |
| What are ribosomes? | Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. |
| What is an Endoplasmic Reticulum? | ER, Internal membrane system |
| What are Golgi apparatus’s? | Proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle |
| What are chloroplasts? | biological equivalents of solar power plants, chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| What are mitochondria? | power plants of the cell |
| What is a cell wall? | strong supporting layer around the membrane |
| What is the Lipid bilayer? | gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. |
| What is selectively permeable? | substances can pass across them and others cannot. |
| Differentiation | becoming specialized in structure and function |
| Homeotic genes | regulates organs that develop in specific parts of the body |
| Hox genes | in flies, a group of homeobox genes |
| What do DNA Binding protein in prokaryotes? | regulate genes by controlling transcription |
| What do you get by binding DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes? | transcription factors control the expression of those genes |
| Master control genes are like what? | switches that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissue |
| Homologous | each set of chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent |
| Meiosis | process in which the number of chromosomes in per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| Tetrad | four chromatids |
| Crossing over | when homologous chromosomes form tetrads |
| Zygote | a fertilized egg |
| The diploid cell of most adult organisms contain | two complete sets of inherited chromosomes and two complete sets of genes |
| Watson and crick | discovered the structure of DNA. |
| Base pairing | Base pairing in the double helix explains how DNA can be copied or replicated, because each base on one strand pairs with one base on the opposite strand. |
| Replication | Before a cell divides it duplicates it’s DNA in a copying process. This process which occurs during late interphase of the cell cycle, ensures that each resulting cell has the same complete set of DNA molecules. |
| Bases | If the base on the old strand is adenine, the thymine is added to the newly formed strand. |
| DNA replication | DNA is carried out by a series of enzymes. first unzip a molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwinding the two strands of the molecules. Each strand then serves as a template for the attachment of complementary bases. |
| Replication | Process of copying DNA prior to cell division. |
| DNA Polymerase | Enzyme that joins individual’s nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA. |
| Telomeres | Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome. |
| Rapidly dividing cells | In rapidly dividing cells, such as stem cells and embryotic cells, telomerase helps prevent genes from being damaged or lost during replication. |
| Replication in living cells | Eukaryotic chromosome consist of DNA, tightly packed together with proteins to form a substance called chromatin. DNA and histons molecules form a beadlike structure called nucleosomes. |
| Eukaryotic DNA replication | in eukaryotic cells, replication may begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome are completely copied. |
| Probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur. |
| Homozygous | organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular gene. |
| Heterozygous | organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene. |
| What are three different genotypes? | TT (pure dominant, homozygous), Tt (heterozygous), tt (pure recessive, homozygous). |
| Punnett Square | use mathematical probability to help predict genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. |
| Independent Assortment | genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. |
| Mutations | when cells make mistakes in copying their own DNA, inserting the wrong base or even skipping a base as a strand; variations |
| What are the categories of mutations? | gene mutations: changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations: changes in whole chromosomes. |
| Point Mutations | gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides; they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. |
| Types of point mutations | substitutions, insertions, deletions; occur during replication. |
| Substitution | when one base is changed to a different base. |
| Insertions | when one base is inserted into the DNA sequence. |
| Deletions | when one base is removed from the DNA sequence. |
| Genetic Code | read three bases at a time. |
| Frameshift Mutations | shift the “reading frame” of the genetic message; another name for insertions and deletions. |
| Types of chromosomal mutations | deletion, duplication, and translocation. |
| Genetic Material | can be altered by natural events or artificial means. |
| Mutagens | chemical or physical agents in the environment. |
| Chemical Mutagens | pesticides. |
| Physical Mutagens | electromagnetic radiation. |
| Polyploidy | the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. |
| Griffith Injected mice w/ bacteria. | Found that separately,neither heat killed,disease causing,or harmless bacteria killed mice, but 2 strains mixed together (harmless+heat killed) did. Inferred that genetic info can be transferred from 1 bacteria strain to another |
| Transformation (Griffith’s experiment) | one type of bacteria changes permanently into another |
| Who inferred that genetic information could be transferred from one bacteria strain to another? | Griffith |
| Avery | After experiments, discovered DNA is transforming factor, and stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. |
| Who, by observing bacterial transformation, discovered that DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next? | Avery |
| Bacteriophage (Avery’s experiment) | a kind of virus that infects bacteria |
| Hershey and Chase | Confirmed Griffith’s experiments. Concluded that genetic material is made up of DNA by studying bacteriophages |
| Who confirmed that DNA was the genetic material found in not just viruses and bacteria, but all living cells? | Hershey and Chase |
| What is DNA’s job? | to store information |
| What is the role DNA in heredity? | to store, copy, and transmit the genetic information in a cell |
| Adaptation | A heritable change to strike in your environment |
| Fitness | Describe how well an animal can survive and reproduce |
| Natural Selection | Animals most suited to its environment will survive and reproduce |
| How are species that are similar but unrelated formed? | They are formed by they both adapt to survive in the same environment. |
| What was Darwin’s main line of work? | Natural selection |
| What book did Darwin publish in 1859? | On the Origin of Species |
| Genome | is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
| Karyotype | A Karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs arranged in order of decreasing size |
| Sex chromosomes | two of 46 chromosomes in the human genome |
| Autosomes | 44 of the human chromosomes |
| Sex linked gene | is a gene located on a sex chromosomes |
| Pedigree | analyze the pattern of inheritance fallowed by a particular trait |
| Xx represents what gender? | female |
| Xy represents what gender? | male |
| Gel electrophoresis | technique used to separate and analyze DNA fragments |
| Bioinformatics | application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data |
| Genomics | study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions |
| By using tools that cut, separate, and then replicate DNA base by base scientists can now what? | Read the bas sequences and DNA from any cell. |
| DNA fragments are put in wells in gel, then? | Electric voltage moves them across the gel. |
| Which moves faster, shorter or longer fragments? | Shorter |
| After an hour or two, the fragments separate and appear as what on the gel? | A band |
| Single stranded DNA fragments are placed in the test tube containing DNA polymerase along with the four bases. What is added to some base, which causes synthesis in that strand to stop? | Chemical dye |
| What were the goals of the Human Genome Project, and what has been learned so far from it? | The Human Genome Project was a thirteen year International effort, with the main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes |
| How does the huge amounts of human DNA become sequenced quickly? | Researchers must break up the whole genome into manageable pieces to determine the base sequences in widely separated regions of DNA strand to use as markers. The markers allow scientiest to locate and return to specific locations in the DNA |
| Nondisjunction | which means not coming apart |
| How does small changes in DNA molecules affect human traits? | Changes in a gene’s DNA sequence can change proteins by altering their amino acid sequences which may directly affect one’s phenotype |
| What is sickle cell disease? | Sickle cell disease is caused by a defective allele for beta |
| What is cystic fibrosis Caused by? | CF is most common among people of European ancestry. It’s caused by a genetic change almost as small as the earwax allele |
| What is Huntington’s disease is caused by? | Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant allele for a protein found in the brain cells. |
| What is the effect of errors in meiosis? | If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may result, leading to a disorder of chromosome numbers. |
| Gene Therapy | The process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder |
| DNA fingerprinting | Analyzes sections of DNA that may have little or no function but that vary widely from one individual to another |
| Forensics | The scientific study of crime scene evidence |
| Genetic modification could lead to better, less expensive and more nutritious food as well as less | harmful manufacturing processes. |
| Recombinant | DNA technology is the source of some of the most important and exciting advances in the prevention and treatment of disease. |
| What is the definition of biosphere? | consists of all life on earth and all the parts of earth in which life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere. |
| What is a specie? | a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| What is a population? | a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
| What is a community? | an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area. |
| What is ecosystem? | all organisms that live together with their physical environment. |
| What is a biome? | a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical environments. |
| What’s the study of ecology? | it is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. |
| What was the scientific study Lewis Thomas studied? | Thomas studied ecology. |
| What is a biotic factor? | any organism that is alive in an environment. |
| What is abiotic factors? | anything not alive such as water, sunlight, humidity, soil type, etc.… |
| Can biotic and abiotic factors live together in the same environment together? | yes |
| Molecular clock | Compares stretches of DNA to mark the passage of evolutionary time. |
| What was Darwin’s hunch about the growth of embryos? | It could transform adult body shape and size. |
| Where do new genes come from? | One way in which new genes evolve is through the duplication, and then modification, of existing genes. |
| Extinct | Something that has died out |
| Paleontologist | Researcher who studies fossils to learn about ancient life. |
| Relative Dating | Places rock layers and fossils in a temporal sequence. |
| Geological Time Scale | Timeline of Earth’s history. |
| Eons are divided into _________? | Eras |
| Eras are subdivided into _________? | Periods |
| What is Plate Tectonics? | A theory that explains movements as the result of solid “plates”, moving slowly over Earth’s mantle. |
| How Does natural selection effect single gene and polygenic traits? | natural selection on single gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies natural selection in polygenic traits can affect the elective fitness |
| What conditions are required to maintain a genetic equilibrium? | these things cannot occur (1)nonrandom mating (2)small population (3)immigration (4)mutations (5)natural selection |
| Genetic equilibrium | allele frequencies in a gene pool don’t change |
| Hardy Weinberg principle | states that allele frequencies in a population should remain constant |
| Sexual selection | individuals select mates based on heritable traits, such as size, strength, or coloration |
| Gene pool | consists of all the genes, including all of the different alleles for reach gene that are present in a population. |
| Allele Frequency | the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene |
| Single gene trait | a traits controlled by only one gene |
| Polygenic traits | many traits controlled by two or more genes |
| What is a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time? | evolution |
| Three sources of genetic variation are? | Mutation, genetic recombination during sexual reproduction and lateral gene transfer |
| What is lateral gene transfer? | eukaryotic organisms, genes are passed are passed only from parents to off spring during sexual or asexual repo |
| Food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
| Phytoplankton | photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean |
| Food web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem |
| Zooplankton | small, free, floating animals that form part of a plankton. |
| Trophic level | each step in a food chain or food web |
| Ecological pyramid | illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web |
| Bio mass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
| What flows through an ecosystem in a one way stream, from primary producers to various consumers? | Energy |
| What shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or a food web? | Pyramids of energy |
| A__________Illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level? | pyramid of biomass |
| A__________shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level of organisms? | Pyramid of numbers |
| What is dentrification? | The process by which bacteria converts nitrates into nitrogen gas. |
| What is a limiting nutrient? | A single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem. |
| Phosphorous is important because? | This element is used in our bodies for the production of DNA and RNA. |
| Does Phosphorous enter the atmosphere in significant amounts? | No |
| If a farmer plants corn two years in a row will wheat grow in that field well and why? | No because the amounts of nutrients in the soil is limiting the growth of the plants |
| Living organisms are composed of what four main elements? | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is ___________within and between the ecosystems. | Recycled |
| Oxygen gas in the atmosphere is released by __________? | is released by the photosynthesis |
| __________ is the major component of all organism compounds? | Carbon |
| Homeostasis | relatively constant internal physical and Chomical conditions that organisms maintain |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells that preforms a particular function |
| Organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
| Organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Receptor | to which the signaling molecule can bind |
| To maintain homeostasis unicellular organism must do what? | grow, respond to the environment, transform energy and reproduce. |
| How do the cells of multicellular organisms work together to maintain homeostasis? | the cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one to maintain homeostasis |
| How do individual cells maintain homeostasis? | to maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grows’ respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce |
| Limiting factor | A factor that controls the growth of a population |
| What do limiting factors determine? | The carrying capacity of an environment for a species |
| What do density dependent limiting factors include? | Completion, predation, herbivory, parasitism |
| What is a limiting factor? | A factor that controls the growth of a population |
| The ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances is? | Tolerance |
| The general place where an organism lives is? | Habitat |
| True or false, organisms have an upper and lower limit of tolerance for every environmental factor? | True |
| Species tolerance for environmental conditions helps determine its? | Habitat |
| This describes not only what an organism does, but also how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. | Niche |
| The term ______________ can refer to any necessity of life? | Resource |
| Biological _____________ of an organisms niche involve the biotic factor it requires for survival? | Aspects |
| The sunlit region near the surface in which photosynthesis can occur | Photic zone |
| Non sunlit dark region where photosynthesis can’t occur | Aphotic zone |
| Organisms that live on or in rocks and sediments in the bottoms of lakes, streams, and oceans | Benthos |
| General term that includes phytoplankton and zooplankton | Plankton |
| An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year | Wetland |
| Special type of wetland formed where a river meets a sea | Estuary |
| Are affected primarily by water depth, temperature, flow, and amount of dissolved nutrients | Aquatic Organisms |
| What often varies within depth of water | Temperature |
| Which four substances do organisms need to live | Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Only three percent of earth’s surface is covered in what | Fresh water |
| What are the three main categories of fresh water ecosystems | rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and fresh water wetlands |
| Where do rivers, streams, brooks, and creeks originate | underground |
| What do estuaries serve as that is important to fish and shellfish reproduction | spawning and nursery grounds |
| Ecologists typically divide the ocean into zones based on_______ and ______ from shore | depth and distance |
| Organisms in the intertidal zone are submerged at high tide and exposed to ______ at low tide | Air and sunlight |
| Name the characteristics of coastal ocean | brightly lit and supplied with nutrients from freshwater runoff |
| What two zones can the open ocean be divided into | photic and aphotic |
| Organisms need energy for what? | Growth, Reproduction, and their own metabolic processes |
| If there was no energy there would be? | No life reproduction |
| How do the best known and most common primary producers harness solar energy? | Photosynthesis |
| What do organisms do when they can’t use photosynthesis? | Chemosynthesis |
| Autotrophs | algae, certain bacteria, and plants can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert in to forms things that living cells can use |
| Primary producers | first producers of energy |
| Photosynthesis | capture light and uses it to power chemical reaction that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen |
| Chemosynthesis | chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates |
| Hereotrophs | animals, fungi, and many bacteria cannot directly harness energy from environment as primary producers |
| Consumers | organism that rely only on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| Species | a population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Speciation | the formation of a new species. |
| Reproductive isolation | two populations that no longer interbreed. |
| What happens when populations become reproductively isolated | they can evolve into two separate species. |
| Name some ways that reproductive isolation can develop | including behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, and temporal isolation. |
| Behavioral isolation | two populations are capable of interbreeding develop differences in courtship rituals and other behaviors. |
| Geographic isolation | two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as water, mountains, and rivers. |
| Temporal isolation | two or more species that reproduce at different times. |
| How might the founder effect and natural selection have produced reproductive isolation that could have led to speciation among Galapagos finches? | According to this hypothesis, speciation is Galapagos finches occurred by the founding of a new population, geographic isolation, changes in the new populations gene pool, behavioral isolation, and ecological competition. |
| Many years ago a few finches from South America arrived in the Galapagos islands. Because of the founder effect what happen? | allele frequencies of this founding finch population could have differed from allele frequencies in the original South American population. |
| What are examples of changes in finch gene pools | If there was a specific type of nut, then there was a bird that had a specialized beak. |
| Give an example of competition and continued evolution in finches | Based on beak specialization certain subspecies would survive longer than other species. All of the isolations could have produced over 13 different finch species that are around today. |
| What processes influence whether species and clades survive or become extinct? | if the rate of speciation in a clade is equal to or greater than the rate of extinction, the clade will continue to exist and if the rate of extinction in a clade is greater than the rate of speciation the clade will eventually become extinct. |
| How fast does evolution take place? | Evidence shows that evolution has often proceeded at different rates for different organisms at different times over a long history of life on earth. |
| What are two patterns of macroevolution? | Adapted radiation and Convergent evolution. |
| What evolutionary characteristics are typical of coevolving species? | The relationship between two coevolving organisms often becomes so specific that nether organism can survive without the other. |
| Macroevolutionary patterns | the grand transformations in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior, which usually takes place in clades larger than a single species. |
| How is mass extinction different from background extinction? | Mass extinction happens in a relatively short period of time and background extinction happens in a slow process. |
| What is the difference between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism? | Punctuated equilibrium is slow and steady but is interrupted while gradualism is slow and steady and isn’t interrupted. |
| What do scientist hypothesize about early earth and the origins of life? | The Earth’s Atmosphere contained little or no origin. |
| Miller and Urey experiment suggested? | how many mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life |
| What is RNA? | RNA is hypothesis proposes that is existed. |
| What theory explains the origin of eukaryotes cells? | Eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells. |
| What is the evolutionary significance of sexual reproduction? | The development of sexual reproduction speeds up evolutionary. |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | that proposes that eukaryotic cells formed from symbiotic relation among several diff prokaryotic cells. |
| Geographic Range is | the are inhabited by a population. |
| Population density | refers to the number of individuals per unit area. |
| Age structure | the number of males and females of each age a population contains. |
| What can happen when organisms move to a new environments | its population can grow exponentially for a time |
| Exponential growth | is the larger a population gets the faster it grows under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially |
| Immigration | a population may grow if individuals move into its range from elsewhere |
| Emigration | the other hand a population may decrease in size if individuals move off the populations range. |
| Exponential growth | the larger a population gets, the faster it grows. |
| Birthrate and death rate | population can grow if more individuals are born that die in only period of time. |
| What is the difference between immigration and emigration | a population may grow if individuals move into its range. |
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