Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Mol Bio Ch 17-18
Molecular Biology Chapters 17-18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell surface breaks up into membrane enclosed fragments called | apoptotic bodies |
| Cells swell and burst spilling their content | Necrosis (accidental cell death) |
| Apoptotic cells are biochemically | 1. Detection of cleaved DNA by gel-electrophoresis. 2=TUNEL assay (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling). 3=Detection of Annexin V. |
| During apoptosis endonucleases cleaves | chromosomal DNA in linker regions between nucleosomes |
| The enzyme ___ ___ ___ adds chains of labeled dUTP to the 3’-OH ends of DNA fragment. | terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) |
| binds phosphatidylserine and can be labeled for detection. | Annexin V |
| Apoptosis is activated through two major signaling pathways | Intrinsic and Extrinsic |
| Intrinsic pathway is triggered from | within the cell by stress or DNA damage |
| Extrinsic pathway is activated when | a pro-apoptotic ligand binds to a pro-apoptotic receptor |
| Caspases are intracellular enzymes that trigger | cell death |
| Caspases are proteases that have a ___ at their active site and cleave their target proteins at specific ___ ___. | cysteine; aspartic acids |
| Procaspases which operate in start of proteolytic cascades are called | Initiator Capases |
| When activated, initiator caspases cleave and activate ___ ___ which cleaves target proteins. | executioner caspases |
| Cell-surface death receptors activate the | extrinsic pathway of apoptosis |
| Extracellular signals bind to ____ ____on cell surface and trigger ___ ___. | death receptors; extrinsic pathway |
| Death receptors are transmembrane proteins that contain ___ ___ which are required receptor to activate apoptosis. These receptors belong to ___ ( ___ ___ ___) family of receptors. | death domain; TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) |
| Intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis depends on | Mitochondria |
| When cytochrome-c released into cytosol, it binds to procaspase activating adaptor protein called ____. This binding causes Apaf1 to oligomerize to form wheel like heptamer called ___. | Apaf1; apoptosome |
| Intrinsic pathway is stimulated by the release of | cytochrome C from mitochondria |
| Apaf1 in apoptosome recruits ___ ___ ___ which in turn activates downstream ___ ___ to induce apoptosis | initiator procaspase 9; executioner procaspases |
| Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is regulated by ___ family of proteins | Bcl2 |
| Two properties of cancer cells | They reproduce in defiance of normal constraints on cell growth and They invade and colonize territories normally reserved for other cells. |
| A ___ glandular tumor remains inside the basal lamina that marks the boundary of the normal structure. | benign |
| A ___ glandular tumor destroys duct integrity and spreads to other tissues. | malignant |
| secondary tumors derived from cells that break off of the primary tumor – make cancer hard to eradicate. | Metastases |
| derive from epithelial cells (e.g. breast, digestive organs). | Carcinomas |
| derive from connective tissue or muscle cells. | Sarocomas |
| derive from white blood cells. | Leukemias and lymphomas |
| Cancer typically requires | more than one mutation in a given cell to trigger uncontrolled growth |
| An example of an ____ change is the formation of heterochromatin, which leads to highly compact DNA that is poorly expressed. | epigenetic |
| ___ ___ ___ are capable of indefinite self-renewal, but they also produce a large number of transit amplifying cells with limited capacity for self-renewal. As a consequence, most cells in a tumor are not capable of independently forming tumors. | Cancer stem cells |
| Tumors induce ____ or the development of new blood vessels that feed the tumor. As the tumor grows, it becomes hypoxic and this initiates a signaling pathway that directs the formation of new blood vessels. | angiogenesis |
| Proto-oncogenes: overactive or overexpressed forms of these genes promote cancer and are called | oncogenes |
| inactive forms of these genes contribute to cancer development. | Tumor Suppressor Genes |
| Characterization of hereditary retinoblastoma led to the discovery of | Tumor Suppressor Genes |
| Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/ Akt intracellular signaling pathway is critical | Controlling cell growth |
| One of the main signaling pathways activated by growth factors is __ __, which activates ___ pathway. ___ activates other genes that stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit protein degradation. | PI3 kinases; TOR; TOR |
| Akt drives cell growth by | 1Stimulating glucose uptake 2Increased glucose utilization 3Conversion of excess citric acid into acetyl CoA |
| ___ ___ dephosphorylates the molecules that PI3 kinase phosphorylates. In total, it limits Akt activation and hence controls cell proliferation. | PTEN phosphatase |
| The p53 protein is a transcription factor that regulates the transcription of many genes including ___. | p21 |
| The p21 gene encodes a protein p21, that | inhibits G1/S and S-Cdk. This stalls the cell cycle and even leads to cell death unless the DNA damage is repaired. |
| p53 induces apoptosis | by inactivating anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein |
| Replication of damaged DNA leads to? | Chromosomal abnormalities such as activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes. |
Created by:
bbez
Popular Biology sets