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BI 314 Chapter 15
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Clathrin | Protein that makes up the coat of one type of transport vesicle; vesicles coated in this bud from the Golgi apparatus on the outward secretory pathway and bud from the plasma membrane on the inward endocytic pathway |
| Coated Vesicle | Small membrane-enclosed organelle with a cage of proteins (the coat) on its cytosolic surface; it's formed by the pinching off of a protein-coated region of membrane |
| Cytosol | Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as ER and mitochondria; the cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed |
| Endocytosis | Uptake of material into a cell by an invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bounded vesicle |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Labyrinthine, membrane-enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, where lipids and secreted and membrane-bound proteins are made |
| Endosome | Membrane-enclosed compartment of a eukaryotic cell through which endocytosed material passes on its way to lysosomes |
| Exocytosis | Process by which most molecules are secreted from a eukaryotic cell; these molecules are packaged in membrane-enclosed vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents to the outside |
| Golgi Apparatus | Membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells where the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and sorted for transport to other sites |
| Lysosome | Intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle containing digestive enzymes, typically those most active at the acid pH found in these organelles |
| Membrane-Enclosed Organelle | Any organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membane, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane surrounding the nucleus; consists of outer and inner membranes perforated by nuclear pores |
| Nuclear Pore | Channel through the nuclear envelope that allows selected large molecules to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Peroxisome | Small membrane-enclsed organelle that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and others that degrade it |
| Phagocytic Cell | A cell such as macrophage or neutrophil that is specialized to take up particles and microorganisms by phagocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | The process by which particulate material is engulfed ("eaten") by a cell; prominent in predatory cells, such as Amoeba proteus and in cells of the vertebrate immune system such as macrophages |
| Pinocytosis | Type of endocytosis in which soluble materials are taken up from the environment and incorporated into vesicles for digestion (literally, "cell drinking") |
| Rab Protein | A family of small GTP-binding proteins present on the surfaces of transport vesicles and organelles that serve as molecular markers identifying each membrane type; these help to ensure that transport vesicles fuse only with the correct membrane |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | Mechanism of selective uptake of material by animal cells in which a macromolecule binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane and enters the cell in a clathrin-coated vesicle |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Region of the ER associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins |
| Secretion | Production and release of a substance from a cell |
| Secretory Vesicle | Membrane-enclosed organelle in which molecules destined for secretion are stored prior to release |
| Signal Sequence | Amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific location in the cell, such as the nucleus or mitochondria |
| SNARE | One of a family of membrane proteins responsible for the selective fusion of vesicles with a target membrane inside the cell |
| Transport Vesicle | Membrane vesicles that carry proteins from one intracellular compartment to another, for example from the ER to the Golgi apparatus |
| Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) | Cellular response triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER; the cell produces more ER and more of the molecular machinery needed to restore proper protein folding and processing |
| Vesicular Transport | Transport of material between organelles in the eukaryotic cell via membrane-enclosed vesicles |
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knye
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