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BI 314 Chapter 14
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antenna Complex | Portion of a photosystem that consists of hundreds of chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy in the form of excited (high-energy) electrons |
| ATP Synthase | Membrane-associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis. Found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria |
| Carbon Fixation | Process by which green plants incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars; second stage of photosynthesis |
| Chemiosmotic Coupling | Mechanism in which a gradient of hydrogen ions (a pH gradient) across a membrane is used to drive an energy-requiring process, such as ATP production or the transport of a molecule across a membrane |
| Chlorophyll | Light-absorbing pigment that plays a central part in photosynthesis |
| Chloroplast | Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place |
| Cyclic Photophosphorylation | Photosynthetic process involving photosystem I only, by which chloroplasts can generate ATP without making NADPH |
| Cytochrome | Colored, heme-containing protein that transfers electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
| Cytochrome Oxidase | Protein complex that receives electrons from cytochrome c, thus oxidizing it |
| Electron-Transport Chain | A series of membrane-embedded electron carrier molecules along which electrons move from a higher to a lower energy level, as in oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis |
| Iron-Sulfur Center | One of a family of electron transporters containing iron atoms linked to sulfur atoms and cysteine side chains; found in electron-transport chains such as those in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Matrix | Large internal compartment of the mitochondrion; contains a concentrated mixture of special enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions, as well as the mitochondrial genome and the proteins needed to express mitochondrial genes |
| Mitochondrion | Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Conversion of nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic molecules by soil bacteria and cyanobacteria |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from food molecules to molecular oxygen; involves the intermediate generation of a pH gradient across a membrane and chemiosmotic coupling |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| Photosystem | Large multiprotein complex containing chlorophyll that captures light energy |
| Quinone | Small, lipid-soluble, mobile electron carrier molecule found in the respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transport chains |
| Reaction Center | A protein complex that contains a specialized pair of chlorophyll molecules that performs photochemical reactions to convert the energy of photons (light) into high-energy electrons for transport down the photosynthetic electron-transport chain |
| Redox Pair | Pair of molecules in which one acts as an electron donor and one as an electron acceptor in an oxidation-reduction reaction; for example, NADH (electron donor) and NAD+ (electron acceptor) |
| Redox Potential | A measure of the tendency of a given redox pair to donate electrons (act as a reducing agent) or to accept electrons (act as an oxidizing agent) |
| Redox Reaction | A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another; an oxidation-reduction reaction |
| Stroma | 1) The connective tissue in which a glandular or other epithelium is embedded 2) The large interior space of a chloroplast, containing enzymes that incorporate CO2 into sugars in the carbon-fixation stage of photosynthesis |
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knye
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