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Biochem Final 2013
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amphipathic | a molecule containing both polar and nonpolar domains |
| Cooperativity | mechanism in which binding of one ligand to a garget molecule promotes the binding of other ligands |
| Isoelectric Point (or isoelectric pH) | the PH at which a protein has no net charge |
| Primary Protein Structure | the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
| Secondary Protein Structure | the arrangement of a polypeptide chain into locally organized structures of alpha helix and beta sheets |
| Tertiary Protein Structure | unique 3D conformations that globular proteins assume as they cold into their native (biologically active) structures and prosthetic groups |
| Quaternary Protein Structure | composed of several polypeptide chains, each called a subunit (same or all identical = oligomers; oligomers composed of proteomers) |
| Denaturation | a disruption of protein or nucleic acid structure caused by exposure to heat or chemicals leading to loss of biological function |
| Native Protein | the naturally occurring form of a protein unaltered by a denaturing agent |
| Cofactor | the nonprotein component of an enzyme (either an inorganic ion or a coenzyme) required for catalysis |
| Coenzyme | A small organic molecule required in the catalytic mechanisms of certain enzymes |
| Prosthetic Group | the nonprotein portion of a conjugated protein that is essential to the biological activity of the protein |
| Apoenzyme | the protein portion of an enzyme that requires a cofactor to function in catalysis |
| Halonzyme | the active complex of the apoenzyme an the cofactor (intact enzymes with their bound cofactor) |
| Zymogen | inactive precursor proteins that are converted to active enzymes by proteolytic cleavage |
| Isozyme/Isoenzyme | one of two or more forms of the same enzyme activity with similar amino acid sequences (different proteins that catalyze the same reaction) |
| Active Site | the cleft in the surface of an enzyme where a substrate binds |
| Allosteric Site | a binding site different from the active site; where the effector molecules (substrates, inhibitors, or activators) bind and alter the activity of the enzyme |
| Exopeptidase | an enzyme that breaks the terminal peptide bond in a peptide chain |
| Endopeptidase | an enzyme that breaks the internal peptide bonds in a peptide chain |
| Carboxypeptidase | a protease enzyme that cleaves a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminus (C-terminus) end of a protein |
| Aminopeptidase | a protease enzyme that cleaves a peptide bond at the amino-terminus (N-terminus) end of a protein |
| Exonuclease | an enzyme that hydrolyzes nucleotides from the ends of a polynucleotide chain |
| Endonuclease | an enzyme that hydrolyzes internal bonds of a polynucleotide chain |
| Intron | a noncoding intervening sequence in a split or interrupted gene; missing in the final RNA product |
| Exon | the region in a split or interrupted gene that codes for RNA and ends up in the final product |
| Replication | the process in which an exact copy of parental DNa is synthesized using the polynucleotide strands of the parental DNA as templates |
| Transcription | the process in which single-stranded RNA with a base sequence complementary to the template strand of DNA is synthesized |
| Translation | the process by which the genetic message carried by mRNAs directs the synthesis of polypeptides (with the aid of ribosomes and other cell constituents) |
| Codon | a 3 RNA nucleotide sequence coding for a specific amino acid |
| Anticodon | a unit made up of three nucleotides corresponding to the 3 bases of a codon on the mRNA |
| Topoisomers | molecules with the same chemical formula and stereochemistry, but different linking numbers (supercoiling) |
| Epimers | a molecules that differs from the configuration of another by one asymmetric carbon |
| Anomers | an isomer of a cyclic sugar that differs from another in its configuration about the hemiacetal or acetal carbon |
| cDNAs | genetic material complementary to its template DNA strand |
| Essential Amino Acid | cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the diet |
| Nonessential Amino Acid | can be synthesized by the body |
| Linking (L) | number of times 1 strand of DNA makes a complete turn around the other strand (L = T +W) |
| Twisting (T) | number of helical turns |
| Writhing (W) | turn of the helical axis over itself |
| RNA Polymerase I (role) | found in nucleolus, synthesizes precursors of most rRNAs |
| RNA Polymerase II (role) | found in nucleoplasm, synthesizes mRNA precursors |
| RNA Polymerase III (role) | found in nucleoplasm, synthesizes tRNAs, 5s RNA and other small RNAs. |
| Nucleosome components | heterochromatin and histone octomer (8 histones) |
| Pribnow Box | TATAAT |
| -35 Box | TCTTGACAT |
| TATA Box | TATAA(T/A) |
| Sigma | binds to core enzyme allowing it to bind both the correct template strand and the proper site to initiate transcription |
| Rho | factor that binds to a specific recognition sequence on the nascent mRNA strand upstream from the termination site, unwinds the RNA-DNA helix to release the transcript, and dislodges the polymerase |
| Telomerase | uses the RNa base sequence (TG rich) to synthesize a single-stranded DNA to extend the 3' strand of the telomere |
| Telomere | prevents shortening of the chromosome by nuclease digestion |
| rRNA (significance) | ribosomal RNA; contributes to ribosome structures and is directly involved in protein synthesis |
| tRNA (significance) | transfer RNA; transports amino acids to ribosomes for assembly into proteins |
| mRNA (significance) | messenger RNA; carrier of genetic information from DNA for the synthesis of proteins |
| hnRNA (significance) | heterogeneous nuclear RNA; precursor to mRNA |
| snRNA (significance) | small nuclear RNA; hnRNa to mRNA; combines with several proteins to form snRNPs |
| snoRNAs | small nucleolar RNA; single-stranded RNA that facilitates chemical modifications of RNA within the nucleolus |
| siRNA/miRNA | small interfering RNA; silencing RNA; play a crucial role in RNA interference, an RNA-degrading process that defends cells from RNA-containing viruses and any inadvertently transcribed transposons |
| U1 snRNP (function) | binds 5' splice site |
| U2 snRNP (function) | binds branch site |
| U4 snRNP (function) | assembles spliceosome |
| U5 snRNP (function) | binds 3' splice site |
| U6 snRNP (function) | assembles spliceosome |
| Thromboxanes (role) | stimulate platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction |
| Prostagladins (role) | involved in inflammation |
| Leukotrienes | stimulate constriction of the airways in the lungs |
| Eicosanoids (3) | thromboxanes, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes |
| Eicosanoid | hormone like molecules that contains 20C; most derive from arachidonic acid |
| Glucagon | hypoglycemic hormone |
| Insulin | hyperglycemic hormone |
| Sickle-cell Anemia | Hbs (sickle cell hemoglobin) - difference at amino acid residue 6 in beta chain (valine-hydrophobic - for glutamic acid - negative charge); aggregation in O2 free state |
| Tay-Sachs | enzyme degrades ganglioside GM2, which is deficient; cells accumulate, this molecule swells up, and dies (in nerve cells) |
| Scurvy | vitamin C deficiency |
| Rickets | vitamin D3 deficiency |
| Lactose Intolerance | lactase deficiency; shutdown of lactase because don't need milk |
| Galactosemia | due to deficiency of galactokinase, epimerase, and uridyl transferase; enzyme to metabolize galactose is missing |
| Lupus b-thallesemia | autoimmune response |
Created by:
soccershorty46
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