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9.14 Week 12
Vocab from Schneider Chapters 29-32
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fimbria (fimbria fornicis) | Meaning the fringe of the fornix, it is the beginning of the fornix. These axons come from the white matter of the hippocampus and collect at the medial margin of the hippocampus where they are called the fibria. They occupy part of the ventricular wall. |
| Alveus | The white matter of the hippocampus, located next to the ventricle. |
| Genu (of the Corpus Callosum) | The genu is the most anterior part of the corpus callosum, called the “knee” of the callosum because of its shape at the anterior end. |
| Amygdala | Meaning 'almond', this is an important structure of the limbic system located at the temporal end of the hippocampus. It is a caudal extension of the ventral striatum with several components derived from the embryonic pallium. |
| Central Nucleus (of the Amygdala) | A subdivision of the amygdala that is derived from the embryonic striatum, the central nucleus receives inputs from the other components of the amygdala and projects via the stria terminalis to the basal forebrain and the hypothalamus. |
| Affective Tags | A shorthand descriptive term for a function of the amygdala - the formation of learned associations between perceived objects (including other organisms) and various emotional and autonomic responses to those objects, i.e. feelings. |
| Valences | A descriptive term used for positive or negative subjective values of objects (including other organisms) learned by an animal through encounters with those objects. Such subjective valences represent the positive or negative nature of affective tags. |
| Emotional Expression | A behavioral change that expresses to another member of the same species a motivational state or reaction. Many emotional expressions are innate responses, common to all members of a species. |
| Basal Nucleus (of the Amygdala) | Developed from the embryonic pallium, it receives inputs from association cortex and the lateral nucleus. It projects to auditory and visual areas in temporal and prefrontal lobes and basal forebrain structures and hypothalamus via the central nucleus. |
| Lateral Nucleus (of the Amygdala) | Developed from the embryonic pallium, it receives visual and auditory system inputs from thalamus and from neocortex. It projects project to the central nucleus, and thereby to basal forebrain structures and to hypothalamus. |
| Central Nucleus | Developed from the embryonic pallium. (More information in 'corticomedial nuclei'.) |
| Medial nucleus | Developed from the embryonic striatum. (More information in 'corticomedial nuclei'.) |
| Corticomedial Nuclei | Sensory inputs from olfactory, gustatory, visceral sensory and pain systems with reciprocal connections to the hypothalamus influencing the autonomic nervous system. Projections to the basal forebrain structures and hypothalamus via the central nucleus. |
| Nucleus of the Lateral Olfactory Tract (nLOT) | A rostral extension of the olfactory part of the amygdala which projects to the basolateral amygdala and to the ventral striatum, and is reciprocally connected to the main olfactory bulb, not the accessory bulb. |
| Striatal Amygdala | Portions of the amygdala that develop from the embryonic striatal region: the central nucleus and the medial nucleus of the amygdala. The projections from these structures are GABA-ergic. |
| Pallial Amygdala | Portions of the amygdala that develop from the lateral and ventral embryonic pallium: the cortical, lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala. The projections from these structures are glutamatergic. |
| Lateral Nucleus (of the Amygdala) | It receives direct projections carrying auditory input from the MGB of the thalamus; this is larger in more primitive mammals. Similar afferent projections from lateral-posterior thalamus carry visual information. |
| Unilateral Amygdalectomy | On only one side, the total or near-total lesion or removal of the amygdala. |
| Disconnection Syndrome | The behavioral defect caused by disrupting an axonal pathway that connects one structure to other structures. For example, a lesion of corpus callosum fibers damages connections between the left and right hemispheres, causeing split-brain syndrome. |
| Basal Forebrain | The ventrally located striatal and pallidal areas found rostral to anterior hypothalamus. Structures included are the olfactory tubercle, the basal nucleus of Meynart, the nucleus accumbens, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | A degenerative brain disease that commonly causes dementia in older people. One cell group that usually degenerates is in the basal forebrain: the basal nucleus of Meynart. Neurofibrillary tangles form within neurons in various parts of the cortex. |
| Neurofibrillary Tangles | Abnormal intracellular increases in the cytoskeletal protein tau associated with Alzheimers. |
| Schizophrenia | Decreasing ability to distinguish the real outside world from various fantasies. Hallucinations are common, visual or auditory, and the person feels that these are real perceptions. One theory is that damage to the amygdala causes schizophrenia. |
| Striatonigral Tract | The pathway from the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) to the substantia nigra in the midbrain. The axons are GABA-ergic, and hence inhibitory. |
| Nigrostriatal Tract | The pathway from the substantia nigra—mainly from the pars compacta—to the dorsal striatum. The axons release dopamine at their terminals when activated. |
| Nigrotectal Tract | The axons that come from the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra and terminate in the superior colliculus. The axons are GABA-ergic, and therefore inhibitory. Hence, the dorsal striatum influences the colliculus by inhibiting an inhibitory pathway. |
| Nigrothalamic Tract | GABA-ergic axons from the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra to the VM and VA thalamic nuclei. VM has widespread projections to the neocortex, especially to central sensorimotor areas, and the VA projects to premotor areas. |
| Insular Neocortex | Cortical areas that are hidden within the Sylvian fissure and overlie the putamen. Much of the insular cortex is paralimbic in nature with particularly close connections to and from the amygdala. |
| Pars Compacta (of the Substantia Nigra) | The dorsal part of the nigra, which contains a concentration of dopamine-containing neurons which project to the dorsal striatum. |
| Pars Reticulata (of the Substantia Nigra) | The larger ventral nigra containing many GABA-ergic neurons that project to the superior colliculus, midbrain locomotor area, and VA and VM of the thalamus. The pars reticulata also contains some dopamine neurons that project to the superior colliculus. |
| Globus Pallidus | The globus pallidus is the dorsal pallidum, the major output structure of the dorsal striatum. The external segment is connected to the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. The internal segment projects to VA and caudal midbrain. |
| Parafascicular Nucleus | The caudal-most cell group of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. This nucleus and the other intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus are very important for maintaining arousal and attentiveness. |
| Extrapyramidal Motor System | The various structures of the brain that control somatic movements other than the neocortical areas that give rise to the pyramidal tract. The largest structures are the corpus striatum and the cerebellum, but many other structures are involved. |
| Ansa Lenticularis | The 'hook of the lenticular nucleus', it is axons from the internal segment of the globus pallidus passing through and around the edge of the internal capsule and coursing rostrally into the ventral thalamus, ending in VL and VA, especially in the VA. |
| Subthalamic Nucleus | It receives major inhibitory input from the external segment of the globus pallidus but has excitatory projections back to the GPe, GPi, and substantia nigra. |
| Ballistic Movement | A ballistic movement is a movement carried out without guidance once it has started. In neurology, it often refers to sudden flinging movements, usually of a limb. |
| Hyperkinesia | An excessive amount of movement, either of normal movements or of abnormal movements as in tremors. |
| Akinesia | Often associated with pathologies of the corpus striatum and related structures, akinesia is a lack of movement, as in an inability to initiate a new movement like found in Parkinson's. |
| Hypokinesia | Often associated with pathologies of the corpus striatum and related structures, hypokinesia is a greatly reduced amount of movement. |
| Bradykinesia | Often associated with pathologies of the corpus striatum and related structures, bradykinesia is abnormal slowness in the execution of movements. |
| Huntington's Chorea | Huntington's is a degenerative brain disease that is genetic in origin. The symptoms usually have a mid-life onset, including abnormal, dance-like writhing. These movements are involuntary, and they increase with the severity of the disease. |
| Hemiballism | A movement disorder usually caused by lesions that affect the corpus striatum and its satellites. One rare cause is a unilateral lesion of the subthalamic nucleus causing sudden flinging movements on the opposite side of the body. |
| Substance P | An 11 amino acid peptide that acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the CNS, causing pain sensations. In the corpus striatum, it is released from some GABA neurons that project to the internal segment of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. |
| Enkephalin | A pentapeptide that binds to opioid receptors, involved in regulating the processing of pain stimuli. Enkephalins occur as neuromodulators in GABA-ergic neurons of the dorsal striatum that project to the external segment of the globus pallidus. |
| Nucleus of the Diagonal Band of Broca | A basal forebrain cell group containing cholinergic, GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurons. Axons from the diagonal band have widespread projections to neocortex and to hippocampus. The hippocampal theta rhythm seems to be driven by these axons. |
| 4 Striatal-Pallidal Divisions | These four divisions consist of dorsal somatic components (dorsal striatum and globus pallidus) and ventral limbic components. |
| Head of the Caudate | The most anterior part of the caudate nucleus, which is the largest part—anterior to the rostral end of the thalamus and dorsal to the basal forebrain. |
| Claustrum | A thin sheet of neurons within the white matter overlying the insular cortex, which overlies the putamen in mammals. Different portions of the claustrum are interconnected with different parts of the neocortex. |
| Crus Cerebri | The crus cerebri is a term for the fibers of the cerebral peduncle at the base of the midbrain. Also known as the basis pedunculi. |
| External Capsule | Cortical white matter sheet overlying the putamen. Or in other words, the white matter on below the claustrum near the putamen. |
| Extreme Capsule | Cortical white matter sheet overlying the claustrum. Or in other words, the white matter on above the claustrum near the deep layers of neocortex. |
| Xenograft | A graft of tissue taken from one species and implanted in another species. |
| Dentate Gyrus Neurogenesis | The birth of new neurons in the dentate gyrus, either in the embryo or the adult. The rate in young adult rats has been estimated to be 6% of the total number of dentate granule cells per month, and is increased by activity and environmental enrichment. |
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