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Biology Ch. 31
Nervous system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Nervous System | Nerves and supporting cells, collects information about the body's internal and external environment. |
| Central Nervous System | consists of the brain and spinal cord, processes the information and creates a response that is delivered to the appropriate part of the body. |
| Neuron | cells that transport nervous system impulses |
| Sensory Neuron | carry impulses from the sense organs, such as eyes and ears to the spinal cord and brain. |
| Motor Neuron | carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands |
| Interneuron | carry information from sensory neurons to other Interneurons or motor neurons |
| Cell Body | largest part of a neuron, contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Dendrites | receive impulses from other neurons and carry them to the cell body |
| Axon | long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body |
| Myelin Sheath | insulating membrane that surrounds the Axon |
| Resting Period | difference in voltage from the inside of the neuron to the outside |
| Action Potential | reversal of charges from negative to positive, otherwise known as a nerve impulse |
| Threshold | the minimum level of a stimulus that is required to cause an impulse in a neuron |
| Synapse | The point at which a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell |
| Neurotransmitter | chemicals that transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell |
| Reflex | a quick, automatic response to a stimulus |
| Cerebrum | responsible for the conscious activities of the body |
| Cerebral Cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum, consists of densely packed nerve cell bodies known as gray matter |
| Thalamus | receives messages from sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum |
| Hypothalamus | the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger and body temperature. |
| Cerebellum | Second largest region of the brain, where information about muscle, joint position and other sensory inputs are sent |
| Brain Stem | connects the brain to the spinal cord, located below the Cerebellum. Contains three regions; the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata |
| Left Hemisphere | Connected to the right side of the body |
| Right Hemisphere | Connected to the left side of the body |
| Corpus Callosum | connects the left and right hemispheres |
| Frontal Lobe | Evaluating consequences, making judgements, forming plans |
| Temporal Lobe | Hearing and Smell |
| Occipital Lobe | Vision |
| Parietal Lobe | Reading and Speech |
| Dopamine | stimulate other neurons across synapses, producing the sensation of pleasure and a feeling of well being |
| Somatic Nervous System | regulates body activities that are under conscious control, such as the movement of skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System | regulates activities that are involuntary or not under conscious control |
| Reflex Arc | pathway that impulses travel to cause a reflex |
| Chemoreceptor | Chemical-sensing cells in the nose and mouth that are responsible for smell and taste |
| Photoceptor | transmit impulses from the eyes to the brain for seeing |
| Mechanoceptor | Transmit impulses from the ear to the brain for hearing |
| Thermoceptor | Sensory cells that respond to heat and cold |
| Pain Receptor | respond to pain, found all over the body |
| Taste Bud | Sense organs that detect taste |
| Cochlea | Fluid-filled and lined with tiny hair cells that are moved by pressure waves, sends nerve impulses to the brain. |
| Semicircular Canals | monitor the position of the body, especially in the head, in relation to gravity |
| Cornea | A tough, transparent layer of cells that light enters through |
| Iris | A disk-shaped structure, the colored part of the eye |
| Pupil | small opening in the middle of the iris that allows a certain amount of light through |
| Lens | helps to adjust the eyes' focus to see near or distant objects clearly |
| Retina | The inner layer of the eye where Photoreceptors are |
| Rods | extremely sensitive to light but they DO NOT distinguish different colors |
| Cones | less sensitive then rods but they do respond to different colors, producing color vision |
| Optic Nerve | carries the impulses to the appropriate region of the brain |
| Blind Spot | caused by the optic nerve passing through the eye |
| Endocrine | release hormones directly into the blood, which transports them throughout the body |
| Exocrine | release hormones through tube-like structures either out of the body or directly into the digestive system |
| Steroid hormones | lipids that can enter the nucleus and change the pattern of gene expression in the target cell |
| Non-steroid hormones | bind to receptors on cell membranes and cause the release of secondary messengers that affect cell activities |
| Target Cells | Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone |
| Prostaglandins | hormone-like substances produced by nearly all cells |
| Hypothalamus Gland | makes hormones that control the pituitary gland and hormones that are stored in the pituitary |
| Pituitary Gland | produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands and some organs |
| Parathyroid glands | FOUR glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood |
| Thymus | During childhood, it releases thymosin which stimulates T cell development and proper immune response |
| Adrenal Glands | release hormones that help the body respond to stress |
| Pineal Gland | releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as sleep cycles |
| Thyroid | produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism throughout the body |
| Pancreas | produce insulin and glucagon, which regulate the amount of glucose in the blood |
| Ovaries | produce estrogens and progesterone which help the development of the female sex organs and prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg |
| Testes | produce Testosterone which is responsible for sperm production and development of the male sex organs |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | Stimulates production of mature eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes |
| Luteinizing hormone | stimulates ovaries and testes; prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone | stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland |
| Adreno-corticotropic hormone | stimulates the release of some hormones from the adrenal cortex |
| Growth hormone | stimulates protein synthesis and growth in cells |
| Prolactin | stimulates milk production in nursing mothers |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone | stimulates melanocytes in the skin to increase the production of the pigment melanin |
Created by:
darci_kobolt
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