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Developmental

Lecture 16

QuestionAnswer
Central Dogma of Biology says that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein
Regulation of gene expression can occur at many levels and at multiple levels
DNA The way DNA is packaged or unpackaged, folded, bent,
Transcription associations with histones, modifications of histones. Presence of DNA binding proteins, i.e. enhancers, modifiers, silencers, modifications of RNA, alternative start points or splice sites. Regulation by 5’ or 3’ UTR
Translation Binding mRNA to ribosome, post translational modifications.
Inter phase DNA is in form of chromatin, sometimes this chromatin stays partially packaged and inaccessible to transcriptional machinery  called heterochromatin. If accessible and functional it is euchromatin.
Primate XX – one X heterochromatin. One X euchromatin
Regulation at DNA Level Heterochromatin vs euchromatin Acetylated histones Methylated DNA Imprinting
Another regulation of gene transcription is ease at which histones move out of the way during transcription,
Why male hyperactivate their X chromosome acetylate histone H4 at Lysine 16
Methylation can inactivate chromatin
Pyrimidines can be methylated
CPG (cytosine next to guanine) can be methylated at the 5’ position of the carbon. 60 – 90% of CPG have methylated cytosine.
highly methylated DNA takes on Z confirmation (Drosophila have Z conformation but not methylated DNA)
Type II RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA’s. Several transcription factors in addition to RNA polymerase and bind the promoter often causing conformational change, causing a bend.
Enhancers-activating, suppressors (silencers) or modifiers can bind proteins that influences downstream promoter.
Endo 16 expressed in endodermal cells thought to encode an adhesion protein.
Hemoglobin composed of 2 copies alpha and 2 copies Beta chains, both encoded by gene families early in development.
Liver makes RBC’s, later spleen and bone marrow.
In spleen and bone marrow prior to birth, get gamma and gamma 2. In adult get Beta and Delta which is a minor Beta form.
Alternative Splice Sites Common and used frequently in genes responsible for gender pathways in Drosophila.
Sexlethal is found in female and not function in male Drosophila.
up-regulation in translation due to increase in poly ribosomes and corresponding rise in protein translation.
Mask mRNA Bind proteins to 3’ UTR – remove proteins when egg is activated to upregulation in translation
Increase length of Poly A tail Rise in translation rate as well as lifespan of mRNA
Sub-cellular localization mRNA localized to subsection of cell then nonuniform distribution to daughter cells.
Hunchback mRNA (protein transcription factor – anterior development) localized in anterior.
Nanos (inhibit hunchback) ) responsible for posterior development – localized posteriorly.
Nanos -/- yields block to posterior development lethal
Oskar +/+ localized nanos to posterior end and Smaug binds nanos 3’ UTR prevents translation of nanos any where but posterior end (probably due to oskar)
Oskar -/- then nanos not localized but bound to Smaug – not translated.
Posttranslational Modification Acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, glycosylation, etc.
Posttranslational Modification - Protein-protein interaction Protein complex formation Proteolytic cleavage
Created by: AshCha
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