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Chapter27SECT1&2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is phylogeny | evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | diagram that shows ancestor-descendant relationships of populations/species and clarifies who is related to whom |
| What is a branch? | a representation on a phylogeny tree that represents populations throughout time |
| What is a node? | the point where two branches diverge in a phylogenetic tree, where ancestors split into more descendant species |
| What is a tip? | Representation of today's or extinct species |
| What is the fundamental idea in phylogenetic trees? | the closer the species are together, the more similarities; the further, the less similarities |
| What are two strategies for using data to estimate trees? | phenetic approach and cladistic approach |
| What is phenetic approach? | it is based on computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among population based on data |
| What is cladistic approach? | it is based on realization of relationships of species that can be reconstructed by identifying shared derived characters in the species being studied |
| What are synapomorphies | shared derived characters in the species being studied |
| What are ancestral traits? | characteristics that existed in an ancestor |
| What is a derived trait? | a modified form of ancestral trait |
| What is the problem between distinguishing between homology and homoplasy? | some traits can be similar but does not have to be related to a common ancestor. They can evolve independently |
| What is homoplasy? | traits that are similar but not due to shared ancestry |
| what is homology? | traits that are similar through shared ancestry |
| What are convergent/analogous traits? | traits that are not seen in common or related ancestry |
| What is convergent evolution? | where natural selection favors similar solutions to similar problems |
| What is parsimony? | Tree that implies the least amount of changes |
| What is an outgroup? | species/group that are closely related to monophyletic groups but are not a part of it. |
| What is a fossil? | piece of physical evidence from an organism that had lived in the past |
| What is fossil record? | total collection of fossils that have been found throughout the world |
| How do fossils form? | When an animal or organism is buried in ash, sand, or other sediments |
| What are some limitations of the fossil record? | Habitat bias, taxonomic and tissue bias, temporal bias, and abundance bias |
| What is habitat bias? | places where more sediments are being deposited are more likely to have fossils than other places |
| what is taxonomic and tissue bias? | slow decaying animals are likely to leave fossils |
| What is temporal bias? | Recent fossils are much more common than ancient fossils |
| What is abundance bias? | Species that are abundant and widespread leaves evidence much more than do rare, local, or ephemeral species |
| What was life like in the Precambrian age? | 4.6 bya - 542 mya, life was unicellular and oxygen was absent |
| What are the three parts of the Phanerozoic Era? | Paleozoic ("ancient life") era, Mesozoic ("middle life") era, and Cenozoic ("recent") era. 542 mya to present |
| What was life like in the Paleozoic era? | origin and initial diversification of animals, land plants, and fungi as well as the appearance of land animals |
| What was life like in the Mesozoic era? | gymnosperms were the most important plants and dinosaurs were most important vertabrates |
| What was life like in the Cenozoic era? | angiosperms were the most important plants and mammals were the most important animals |
| How did the continents change in the Paleozoic era? | From Gondwana to Laurentia |
| How did the continents change in the Mesozoic Era? | Pangea breaks up |
| How did the continents look like in the Cenozoic era? | Recent |
Created by:
missshelly
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