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Developmental
Lecture 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Germ layer | embryonic origin |
| Tissue type refers to type of cell within | organ. |
| forms entire nervous system and pituitary gland. Also get nervous tissue epithelia and mesenchyme. | Ectoderm |
| Ectoderm and Mesoderm | form the integument (skin, hair, feathers, sweat glands, sebaceous glands). |
| Mesoderm and endoderm | both form epithelial and mesenchymal type of tissue |
| Spemann Organizer | (Dorsal lip of Blastopore) |
| Ventral portion of the embryo’s ectoderm produces | BMP4 (BMP family of growth factors). |
| Dorsal ectoderm releases | Noggin and Chordin |
| Chordin | Chordin is an antagonist to BMP4 |
| Noggin and Chordin | form concentration gradient in gastrula phase. |
| Dorsal ventral patterning of the neural plate and tube is driven by localized release of the growth factor | Sonic Hedgehog |
| Shh | is the vertebrate homolog of Drosophila’s hedgehog gene. |
| The Neural Plate (N.P.) | form at end of gastrulation but influences on its organization occur during gastrulation. |
| the notochord | influences the production of the neural plate and tube. The notochord is derived from Spemman’s Organizer. The floor plate is immediately dorsal to the notochord. |
| ____ secreted as precursor undergoes autocatalysis to become 2 proteins. One of the proteins associates with cholesterol and becomes a ligand which tethers to the cell membrane. | Shh |
| ___ is secreted by both the notochord and the floor plate. At some point it becomes active. | Shh |
| ____ is important for the Central Nervous System developing a proper Dorsal Ventral pattern. | Shh |
| ___ causes genes expressed in ventral portion of spinal cord (pax 6) to be expressed. | Shh |
| ___ suppresses BMP4 activity in ventral region of neural tube. Shh causes appearance of motor neurons and ventral type interneurons. | Shh |
| ____ helps Shh in ventral patterning. Gradient of Shh may play role in why we get different types of neurons. | Chordin (BMP antagonist) |
| Neural Crest (NC) | cells form from ectoderm ingression and in turn form many different tissues. |
| The degree of ingression and migration of the ectoderm to form NC is due to relative concentrations of | BMP and Noggin |
| NC cells express snail gene (mouse, drosophila. It is the slug gene in Chick) which is important for NC development. | ..... |
| ____ forms many type of tissue including pigment cells, different type of neurons, supporting cells, mesenchymal tissue in head (cartilage, bone, teeth) not muscle. | NC |
| ____ ____the NC migrate in the anterior portion of the somite, not the posterior portion. | In trunk |
| For the most part, NC cells are | multipotential. Exception – Spinal chord to head |
| Prosencephalon- | forebrain (cerebral hemisphere) and diencephalon (hypothalamus) |
| Mesencephalon | midbrain |
| Rhombencephalon- | metencephalon (cerebellum and pons area) and myelencephalon (hindbrain (brain stem) |
| Number of ____ determine the number of sensory ganglia. One ganglia for each somite. | somites |
| The ___ ____ proliferate and evaginate. | optic vesicles |
| Outer surface of optic cup forms the | pigmented retina |
| Inner surface forms | photo receptors, neurons and epithelial iris |
| The head mesenchyme (from mesoderm) become | sclera and eye muscle |
| The lens forms due to | multiple signals. Some from the optic cup and some from prospective mesoderm and anterior endoderm. |
| I Olfactory | Sensory |
| II Optic | Sensory |
| III Oculomotor | Motor |
| IV Trochlear | Motor |
| V Trigeminal | Both |
| VI Abducens | Motor |
| VII Facial | Both |
| VIII Auditory | Sensory |
| IX Glossopharyngeal | Both |
| X Vagus | Both |
| XI Accessory | Both |
| XII Hypoglossal | Both |
| Patches of head ectoderm change from cuboidal to elongated | columnar epithelial. These are called cranial ectodermal placodes. Plus cranial Neural Crest cells produce sensory and autonomic neurons in cranial ganglia. |
| Throughout development a central hollow chamber remains in the brain and spinal chord. This has formed from Neural tube. There are multi-pocketed chambers called ventricles in brain and spinal canal in chord. | .... |
| The integument | skin, hair, feathers, teeth, skin epidermis derives from ectoderm. Get several layers of cells which fill with keratin and undergo apoptosis. Giving outer dead layer of skin. This is impermeable, tough and constantly sloughed off. |
Created by:
AshCha
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