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Biology Vocabulary
High School Biology Vocab 8th Grade
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Membrane | The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. |
| Cell Wall | It is located outside the cell membrane and its role is to give plant cells rigidity, strength and protection. |
| Chloroplasts | A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. |
| Chromosomes | A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of animal and plant cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information. |
| Cytoplasm | The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, and, in eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| Golgi Bodies | A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport. |
| Mitochondria | An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers . |
| Nuclear Membrane | The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a cell. |
| Nucleus | A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material. |
| Ribosome | A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. |
| Vacuole | A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid. |
| Prokaryote | A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. |
| Eukaryote | An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria. |
| Mitosis | A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| Meiosis | A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| Monomer | A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| Polymer | A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins. |
| Carbohydrates | Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen. |
| Lipids | Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. |
| Proteins | Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms. |
| Nucleic Acids | A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
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