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microbiology 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| another word for tumor is..which is an.. | neoplasm...abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should |
| tumors can either be | malignant or benign |
| benign tumors are..and malignant are.. | not cancerous..cancerous |
| a tumor that invades...is usually capable of... | surrounding tissues...capable of producing metastases |
| tumors may ...after.. | recur..attempted removal and is likely to cause death unless adequately treated |
| neoplastic transformations or...result from.. | cancers..mutations or changes in genes that control cell growth and behavior (p53 gene) |
| if p53 gene can't fix a mutation/change then it triggers | apoptosis of the cell |
| cell growth control genes normally...and direct the.. | restrict cell proliferation...cell to repair dna damage or failing that, to self destruct |
| the mutated genes....allowing it to.. | free the cell from gene controls...divide continuously and to pass on the mutations to its progeny |
| what causes mutations | induced genetic mistakes, random mistakes |
| induced genetic mistakes are...that can be.. | mutations..inherited or they can be acquired as a result of exposure to chemicals, radiation or viruses |
| random mistakes also occur...in the course of.. | each day...duplicating the three billion units in our dna during cell division |
| no one...so you need.. | mutation is strong enough to make a cell cancerous...multiple genetic changes in specific classes of genes to transforma noraml cell into a neoplastic cell that grows out of control |
| a small percentage of people...putting all their... | inherit a susceptibility for certain types of cancer..body's cells one step closer to disease |
| tumor viruses cause...and involves changes in the.. | cell transformation by a virus...biological functions of a cell |
| the changes in biological functions of a cell result from...that confer on the... | regulation of the cell by viral genes...infected cell certain properties characteristic of neoplasia |
| changes in biological function often result from... | integration of the viral genome (DNA) into the host cell genome |
| this integration may result in the | host cell neoplasm by 2 general mechanisms |
| mechanism 1 of integration is when a viral genome that can cause...is carried into a cell by the... | a tumor (oncogene)...virus and causes the host cell to take on new properties such as immortalization and uncontrolled nonstop growth (htlv I and II) |
| the 2 mechanism of integration involves the integration of a virus into the host cell possibly causing the... | host cell genome to inactivate the regions of host cell genome that code for prevention of unwanted cell divisions (cell growth brake system, HPV) |
| with few exceptions, all...are capable of causing... | dna viruses...tumors under optimal conditions |
| rna viruses that go through a...such as..are also able to... | dna intermediate stage..hiv...induce tumors |
| estmates range from...of the human genome as being comprised of... | 3-8%...sections of viral dna |
| viral dna in the human genome and other...have evolved with us over... | parasitic, self-replicating pieces of nucleic acids...millions of years after being inserted into our dna by the viruses that infected our ancestors |
| hpv causes | cervical cancer and warts |
| hpv warts occur on the | skin, larynx and genitals (condyloma acuminata) |
| ...of hpvs cause... | 95%...tumors that are benign |
| benign hpv tumors are ...and...and most can be.. | common and plantar warts...frozen off with liquid n2 or sugically removed as an out-patient procedure |
| generally there is no... | problem w/ hpv benign warts unless they begin to grow |
| there is a strong correlation between | hpv and cervical carcinoma |
| ...% of all cervical cancer tissues are positive for...and the other...may be... | 99...hpvs...1%...positive but can not be detected yet |
| about..of sexually active adults have...while.. | 1%...visible genital warts...15% have a subclinical infection |
| pap smear tests for...and is done to... | hpv...sexuallly active young women every year |
| pap smears check for | precancerous cells |
| hpv alone does not seem to be...and certain.. | sufficient to cause cancer..predisoposing co-factors are also involved |
| co factors for hpv and cervical cancer include | smoking, intercourse at a young age, multiple sex partners, long term oral contraceptive use |
| hpv transformation proteins...bind to...and... | e6 and e7...p53...degrade it leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer |
| hpv also causes | anal cancer |
| hpv vaccine is...and it contains.. | gardasil..two types of hpv that cause 70% of cervical cancer cases and two more types that cause 90% of genital warts cases |
| gardasil is for... | females and males ages 9-26 |
| gardasil involves | 3 doses/6 mo |
| gardasil prevented nearly...caused by the.. | 100% of the precancerous cervical cell changes...types of hpv targeted by the vaccine for up to four years after and total warts by 90%+ |
| there is also a good vaccine for | hbv |
| epstein barr virus caues..which is... | burkitts lymphoma...b cell lymphoma |
| ebv causes burkitts lymphoma in the...and out of..infected people,...got burkitts lymphoma | african population...42,000...42 |
| all of those w/ burkitts lymphoma were...and all had... | ebv antigen +...antibody titers much higher than average |
| all of those w/ burkitts lymphoma had..which ... | malaria..suppresses immunity and may be a co-factor |
| a similar correlation exists between...in the... | ebv and nasopharyngeal carcinoma...chinese population |
| all of chinese pop w/ nasopharyngeal carcinoma are | ebv antigen + and have elevated antibody titers |
| human t cell lymphotropic virus i and ii (htlv i ii) are...which is a cousin of... | ss rna containing, enveloped retrovirus...hiv1 |
| htlv causes..especially in the.. | adult t cell leukemia...japanese population |
| htlv causes a..but.. | rare disease...100% correlation w/ htlv1 |
| slow viruses cause | several chronic degenerative diseases |
| slow viruses: all affec the | cns-spongiform encephalopathy |
| all slow viruses are | rare and always lethal |
| 2 general categories of slow viruses include | conventional slow viruses and unconventional slow growing agents (prions) |
| conventional slow viruses include | measles virus....jc virus |
| measles virus causes | sub acute sclerosing pan-encephalitis |
| jc (john cunningham) virus causes | progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy |
| unconventional slow growing agents or prions cause | kuru, creutzfeldt-jacob disease (c-jd), mad cow disease |
| prions are | infectious proteins |
| kuru is also called | shaking death/ laughing disease |
| measles virus causing sspe, is a very...of... | rare, late onset, neurological complication..natural measles infection |
| about...people infected w/ measles develope sspe | 1 in 100,000 |
| sspe occurs anywhere from | 2-10 years after contracting measles |
| successful measles vaccination programs directly and indirectly...and have the potential to.. | protect the population from sspe...eliminate sspe through the elimination of measles |
| jc virus causing progressive multi-focal leukoencephhalopathy (pml): jc virus infects most...but is associated with.. | healthy people (70-90%)...progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the immunosuppressed |
| pml is an...caused by the... | opportunistic demyelinating disease..usually non pathogenic jc polyomavirus |
| kuru causing...is found in the.. | laughing disease/shaking death...tribe in new guinea islands off se asia |
| the nw guinea tribe consists of...who.. | cannibals...eat their dead relatives brains as a sign of respect and only the women and children who handled the raw brain tissues got infected |
| kuru involves...and the latent period could be as long as... | severe shaking and trembling...20 years |
| there is | no cure for kuru |
| creutzfeldt jacob disease causes...of patients between... | cns system deterioration...35-65 years of age |
| c-jd is originally found in | turkish jews who ate raw sheep eyes |
| the infectious agent of cjd has recently been identified to be a | protein call prion |
| prions do not contain..yet they.. | nucleic acids..reproduce in living cells |
| there is no | cure for cjd |
| when sheep get chd it is called..and involves them... | scrapie..rubbing on fences/trees and scraping off the hide |
| mad cow disease is also known as...and the human form is called.. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy...variant creutzfeldt-jacob disease |
| scientists rapidly discovered that...and its human counter part....was caused not by... | mad cow disease...varian creutzfeldt jacobs disease..traditional pathogens csuch as virus or bacteria, but something as simple as a protein |
| a prion is an...which are hypothesized to infect... | infectious protein...tissue and reproduce first by changing its own conformation and secondly by inducing other benign proteins to do the same |
| Prions: first a...is either... | disease state prion ...ingested or spontaneously created |
| prions: as...come in contact with the..they are forced to... | endogenous (naturally occuring) body prions..disease prion...change their conformation to that of the disease prion |
| Prions: this chain reaction eventually becomes...causing.... | exponential, with more and more diseased prions changing into an expanded conformation and aggregating..tissue damage |
| there are very few cases of | varient creutzfeld jacob disease (mad cow) in humans in the USA |
| total of individuals worldwide diagnosed with vcjd is around..and most of whom have been in the... | 200...164 have been in the united kingdom |
Created by:
handrzej
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