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animal behavior
final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| macro evolution | refers to processes that can lead to new species. |
| one major development in the study of animal behavior occurred during the middle ages in europe. who is recognized as the first person during this period to write down actual observations of animal behavior. | King Frederick II of Hohenstaufen |
| natural selection pressure | acts on individual's phenotype and not on their genotype |
| questions that are aimed at understanding the causes of a behavior are called | ultimate questions |
| whose ideas were centered on human behaviors, social structure, and competition for resources.? he influenced darwin's ideas of evolution through natural selection. | rev. Thomas Malthus |
| Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorens and Niko TInbergen all... | are ethologists who shared the nobel prize in 1973 |
| micro-evolution | refers to change in genotype or phenotype frequencies within a species. |
| Natural evolution does | not always result in evolution |
| for three spined sticklebacks, what is the cue that elicits male courtship behavior in the presence of a female? | her swollen belly |
| which book contained the idea that human social behavior arise through the smae natural processes as that of non human animals, and thus means that human behavior had a genetic basis. these ideas upset many people and caused people to attack the author | sociobiology |
| the discipline called ethology differs from behavioral ecology because | ethology does not take into account the cost and benefits of a behavior. |
| who studies intellect / learning abilities in parrots and is also a cognitive psychologist? | Irene Pepperberg |
| if an individual has two different alleles at a locus? | is considered a hetrozygote at that locus and genetic diversity can be maintained in the population |
| +the average bill size increased in response to dry years+ decreased wet years+ and phenotypic variation is maintained overtime due to the changing enviroment+ | this happens in Populations of medium ground finch's of the Galapagos islands |
| what does high population variation in a trait, difference in individual reproductive success due to that trait, and genetic basis for a trait(heritable) lead to | natural selection. |
| Stabilizing selection | is a type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population |
| Disruptive Selection | This type of selection favors both the extremes at the expense of the average. |
| Directional selection | is a type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the mean or other extreme. |
| today's cheetah in Africa has low genetic diversity because | only a few individuals survived the ice age and recolonized Africa. this means the population is homozygous over much of its genome. |
| the incidence of several disease in today's south Afrikaans population originally from Holland is an example of | a founder effect |
| "people should not assume that all traits are results of evolutionary adaptation", "traits may be the result of selection pressure in the past may not be active today" and The Adaptionists' paradigm are all ideas of ... | Gould and Lewontin |
| the discipline of sociobiology is a subset of behavioral ecology that focuses | on the economics of social behavior |
| what is the word which describes one gene controlling more than one trait | Pleiotropy |
| what happens when a predictor encounter the same type of prey very frequently? | - it forms a search image- it may bypass other eatable prey and change the frequency of the identifying trait in the prey population |
| epistasis | is a phenomenon in which the expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more "'modifier genes'. |
| the communication of bees about the location of of food resources | is the subject that Karl von frisch studied |
| studying how social dominance affects cow milk production in dairy cows is an example | of applied research |
| the law of parsimony by "Morgan" or morgan's cannon says that | if we have 2 explanations for an event we choose the one with less assumptions because it is most likely correct. |
| what marsupial known as the Thylacine went extinct in the early 20th century? | the Tasmanian tiger |
| who is the author of "historia animalium- a theoretical treatise on animal behavior?" | aristotle |
| the development of evolution through natural selection, the comparative method and advances in genetics and inheritance | these are all major developments that contributed to the present day study of animal behavior. |
| is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, focus of ethology is on animal behaviour under natural conditions | Ethology |
| who first suggested and demonstrated how selection could act on groups, so some groups are favored over others? | V.C. Wynn Edwards |
| Haplo-diploidy is a genetic system.. | common in all animal taxa |
| i siberian tigers"r" the degree of relatedness between an individual and its full sister is | .5 |
| the diffirence between a tiger and its half sister is | .25 |
| when birds from 2 diff. europian migratory populations of black caps were crossed there young | were intermediate migraters. they demonstrated that the diffirence in the amount of migratory restlessness in those populations could be controlled by a single gene |
| the sense of gustation is accomplished | by chemoreceptors |
| the evolutionary process that led to the divergence and diversity of the phenotype among today's Galapagos finches is known as | adaptive radiation |
| in a experiment in which 2 strains(bright and dull) of mice were tested on their ability to navigate a maze one was better than the other | but both strains learned the maze quickly when rared in enriched environments and both struggled when rared in restricted enviroments |
| which moth morph increased in frequency in the 19th century industrial revolution? | melanic morph/ dark |
| between the mainland norway and svalbard island island carabou, whihc have longer legs to cope with snow, live in herds to defend against wolfs, carry less fat and have higher exp. warble fly infections? | mainland norway caribou |
| the term which describers the higher concentration of neurons in the head region of an animal is called | cephalization |
| what character best shows trait divergence as a result of diffident selection pressures on individuals of the Galapagos finch system and Hawaiian honey creepers? | bill size and shape |
| what is a random movement with no oriented response to a stimulus | kinesis |
| what is an example of artificial selection? | kittlewell's moth |
| which kinds of receptors do you expect to find in a star nosed mole? | chemo receptors and mechanoreceptors |
| structure used in mechano-receptors are called | sensilla |
| as a unit of selection from a genes pov the organism is just a way for the | gene to reproduce it self |
| conditions like - reduced gene flow-prezygotic isolating mechanism- diffirent selective pressures would | encourage speciation events |
| helpers do not sacrifice ... | inclusive fitness |
| if a honeybee queen has 32 chromosomes how many will her offspring have? | some 32 but others 16 |
| what are methods used in studying single gene effects where normal forms of a gene are replaced to evaluate any possible change in resulting phenotypic expression | knockouts |
| if there is an altruistic and selfish gene in a population which will go extint first? | altruistic |
| whats a word which could describe the number of cones in an organisms eye | trichromatic |
| what has ampullae of lorenzini to help it detect prey as well as help young avoid predators? | sharks |
| provides information about spatial orientation to the animal | utricle |
| men are more assured that they are related to their sister's and thus their offspring. also , like most internal fertilizing animals males have no garentee that they have sired a mates offspring | why some males help raise sisters children instead of his mates |
| what group of animals is least likely to be able to interpret polarized light? | mammals |
| the example of mainland and island caribou is an example | microevolution |
| describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. | convergent evolution |
| the goal of the hypothetico- deductive method is to see if you can | reject the null hyp |
| in which groups of animals would you expect to see a lot of male parental care? | fish, bird amphibians |
| in what species can environmental states can influence sex?> | alligators, crocodiles, channel catfish and marine turtles |
| what is an example of predictive information in the environment? | photoperiod |
| testosterone's role of directing the the function and morphology of structures during early development is an example of | organizational effects |
| testosterone role in regulating the intensity of m-m aggression is an example of | activational effects |
| domestic male quail exposed to high amounts of estrogen during embryonic development showed a lot less male characteristics even given more testosterone during adult hood this is an | organizational effect |
| what hormone is associated with regulation of parental behavior in mammals and birds | prolactin |
| if the secretion of ecdysone in a final instar larvae of the swallowtail butterfly before it went into its next stage | it would fail to change |
| female having larger ano-genetal distances when exposed to testosterone and and the opposite for males | shows that naturally occurring low level hormone can have significant organizational effects |
| environmental and hormonal cues interact to increase levels of plasma estradiol and she begins to solicit copulation form the male | things which happen when a female ring dove is presented with nest material and a male |
| in bird species like the canary or cardinal specific regions in the brain will result in song production by female | if treated with testosterone |
| what cues can affect the onset of breeding? | visual, olfactory, auditory, and electrical feild |
| in the ring dove which hormone decreases in the blood stream once chicks are grown to release inhibition on the HPG axis | prolactin |
| diel parrerns of LH are highest in the songbirds in the morning because LH stimulates the gonads to | produce testosterone |
| the color polymorphism and different behavior in the tree lizards in Arizona is regulated by | organizational and activational effects |
| in a weakly electrical fish if you blocked testosterone in males | EOD activity would be inhibited |
| in what bird species does the male and female combine their songs to create a duet? | rufous and white wrens in costa rica |
| in what fish species does the removal of the male in the harem result in the alpha female under going transformation to become a male | parrotfish |
| in what animal does hearing the song of another male increase the androgen released into the blood, and castration inhibit call rate | male tree frog |
| when male garter snakes emerge from dens in the spring what is the state of their testes? | quiescent not actively producing anything |
| parental care needed by egg laying species can | males can contribute significantly |
| in what species is male like behavior necessary for to stimulate ovulation in others, and this behavior is regulated by progesterone and expressed in females after ovulation | pathogenic whip-tail lizard |
| when overiectomized female pathogenic lizards were treated with estrodiol | they expressed female mating behavior |
| in protogynous species of fish what happens when an individual has low or no 11-ketotesterone | it becomes male |
| which compound interferes with calcium metabolism and resulted in thin eggshells until it was banned by the gov,t? | DDT |
| in what period do male elephants get swelling and drainage from their temporal lobes, has strong aggression and doesnt happen at the same time as female estrus | musth |
| what happened in the study which looked at the effects of endocrine disruption in cali. gulls and florida panthers? | sex ratio was biased toward females because normal male development was affected negatively so female acted in a way to maximize reproductive success |
| estrogenic compounds such as BPA only affect organisms during | developmental stages of life |
| a bicarnate uterus in some mammals provide each embryo its own place for direct attachment to the uterine wall enabling these species to have relativity | large litters |
| examples of helping behaviors | - caring for non descended kin -behavior which contributed to net inclusive fitness |
| assumptions of prey selection(diet breadth)model | -prey value= energy -handling time is the same for all prey prey are recognized right away(no learning required) -optimal foragers act to maximize net rate of energy intake |
| communal breeders | breeding pairs in same territories |
| costs of living in a group | increased risk of disease -increased risk of egg dumping -increased risk of cuckoldry |
| leks are | areas that offer resources for raising offspring |
| exploitation | one indirectly competes with another or ones actions adversely effects another |
| when should a hunting lion choose a a new prey that normally has lower profitability than a lions normal prey | when the new prey is injured. this decreases pursue and thus increases profitability |
| profitability of prey1> prey2. if prey 1 has a high search time | then animal eats prey 2 if it comes across it |
| owl has access to more mice than voles,yet there are more voles in its diet. why? | - the owl is a specialist-ranks voles higher than mice so, it may pass up some mice- also has to experience different prey types to determine higher value |
| despot | one dominant the others are all equal |
| larger territories indicate | low quality habitat |
| animals foraging in areas of high food abundance | -should be specialist and rank food in order of profitability, passing up less profitable prey |
| risk sensitivity | when animal foraging choice makes a difference to survival-when an animals choice to forage in one area v. another depends on habitat's predictability - not to do with risk of predation |
| an optimal forager maximizes energy intake | true |
| if an otter is foraging in areas of high food productivity | it should be a specialist and rank prey profitability and pass up less profitable prey |
| according to the optimal foraging theory an animal makes its decision about when to move based on | the quality of the current patch-cumulitive rate of gain for the current patch- the amount of time it would take to travel to the new patch |
| the cumulative gain curve represents the total amount of resources an individual has | acquired at any point in a patch |
| the marginal value theorem states that optimal foragers | base foraging decisions on average gain across patches |
| whan in a flock of other crows an individual with a nut should choose to drop his nut | from a shorter altitude to avoid it getting stolen by another crow |
| when should a pied wagtail share its territory with another? | when food is abundant enough to support two birds and is more economically defended when both of them are there |
| when a brown bear encounters and ingest the young of another brown bear it is referred to as | infanticide and cannabilism |
| which of the behaviors listed below would be categorized as agnostic? | male Siamese fighting fish spreading fins in territorial display to another male |
| the highest genetic benefit (greatest "r") a helper Florida scrub Jay can achieve by only helping parents raise young and not attempting to nest on its own is | .5 |
| vampire bats regurgitating blood meal to non related individuals is an example of | reciprocal altruism |
| agressive interactions between male white tailed deer during rut would most likely be between individuals of the same | size, age and that spatially and temporally overlap |
| what is the role of plumage variation in wintering flocks of dark eyed juncos? | to provide info. about and individuals relative ability and experience so that relative dominance rank can be easily be established- and to minimize levels of aggressive interactions so that all individuals can spend more time feeding and less fighting |
| male helpers are less common in mammals because males cannot contribute much to parental care demands of raising young | and they can almost never be sure of parentage |
| siblicide | is a common phenomenon in many species of birds of prey and usually occurs when food and resources are low |
| the ideal free distribution theory was posited by | Fretwell and Lucas |
| the ideal free distribution theory is | a null hypothesis for competition because it states individuals will distribute as to obtain equal share of available resources |
| 2 stallions fighting over a band of meres is an example of | interference competition |
| caldonia crow | modified a tool in order to get food |
| viceroy butterfly | practices millenarian mimicry |
| green heron | has learned to fish using bait |
| meerkats | sometimes practice infanticide |
| skunks | use aposematic coloring to warn preditors of what happens if attacked |
| Galapagos woodpecker finches | foraging technique is an example of evolutionary convergence with chimpanzees |
| moose | has a sodium requirement which makes it a poor fit for optimal foraging model |
| Krebs and Davies | one of the first to experimentally provide support for optimal foraging theory |
| great blue herons | is an example of a species that is able to shift from a generalist to specialist |
| gulls and kittiwakes | kleptoparasitize puffins provisioning young |
| John Maynard Smith | developed game theory |
| what are the 3 hypothesis which explains why some parents attempt to produce more young than are likely to survive | resource tracking - replacement hyp- and sibling facilitation |
| risk sensitive | individuals which foraging decision has an impact on survival |
| risk prone | cannot avoid risk |
| inuit | used inukusk structures for hunting |
| white throated sparrows | negative assortative mating |
| goose | egg recovery FAP |
| zebra finch | females prefer novel males |
| BF skinner | opperant conditioning |
| cheetah | low genetic diversity |
| Dr. Kennison | looking for change in allelic frequencies |
| ivan pavlov | nobel prize for medicine |
| Xenophon | detailed description of horse behavior |
| honey bees | Von Frisch study species |
| sources of variation in sexually reproducing species | mutation, recombination and gene flow |
| Darwinian fitness | A biological condition in which a competing variant is increasing in frequency relative to other competing variants in a population. |
| Hailman | provided an improved fraim work for the nature neuter dichotomy, also wrote herons and gulls |
| David Cruz | discovered the doughnut shape whip tailed lizards take when stimulating reproduction in each other |
| Lyll | foremost geologist of his day. his discoveries about the age of the earth supported Darwin's theory |
| Spencer | survival of the fittest. he thought evolution led to perfection |
| white crowned sparrow | female hormone levels sync behaviors within a breeding pair |
| King penguin | dies nit use olfactory cues to communicate |
| Boulangia amphibian from kenya | provides parental care by allowing the young to eat the mothers skin |
| cuttlefish | is a master of disguise and relative of the octopus |
| black ghost knifefish | uses weak electrical signals to court females |
| club winged manakin | uses highly modified wing feathers to make sounds during courtship |
| loggerhead turtle | nest temp. influences their offspring sex ratio |
| Fred Von saal | noted that development can be influenced by neighbors in utero |
| what animal formed female breeding pairs because the monogamous males were so rare due to hormone imbalance which led to sterility | cali.Gulls |
| explain the HPG axis feed back mechanism | same in all vertebrate. predictable things like photo period and supplementary info like the presence of rivals affects the hormonal feedback |
| explain the steps in the HPG axis | GnRH goes from the hypothalimus to the anterior pitutary- then LH goes from there to the gonads-FSH from gonads to Ant. pit to finetune amounts- and from gonads to hypo for big change |
| Mike moore | worked on Tree lizards |
| explain the diff. male tree lizards | blue/orange dewlap = more aggressive= higher amount of T and low progesterone during development(organizational) and low cortisol after(activational). orange morph=opposite |
| Canadian male red sided garter snake | mating ball. she male with highest testosterone mimics female hormones to distract other femals |
| bird of paradise | performs mating dance at leks |
| naked mole rat | forgoes breeding to help kin reproduce |
| peppermoth example of evolutionary change through | natural selection |
| offshore oil rig | many interfere with marine mammals ability to echolocate |
| bottle nosed dolphin | used mirror self recognition studies |
| norway reindeer | is an example of trait divergence |
| silkworm moth | responds to Bombykol |
| kestrel | uses UV urine trail to locate prey |
| pit viper | uses thermoreceptors to find prey |
| pipestrell bat | has excellent vision |
| fastest animal | Regine falcon |
| kin selection is when | indirect fitness is selected for |
| rotrnbuhler coined the term | hygienic behavior |
| major approaches to studying animal behavior | - comparative, hypo/the/deductive, correlation |
| sexual selection | kinds intersexual(mate choice) and intrasexual(compitition for maate) |
| - Competition after mating sperm competition | - maximize probability of own sperm being used |
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