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Geol final
climate change
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alpine glaciers loss of extent and thickness | Swiss glaciers lost >10% of volume since 1999 ex. Muir Glacier, Alaska |
| Continental ice sheets | loss in extent and thickness |
| GRACE satellite | measures changes in mass of ice sheets, GPS stations measure crustal uplift, allows real time study of ice mass |
| Arctic sea ice | extent and thickness changes, especially loss of old “perennial” ice |
| Current CO2 levels | 320 ppm |
| Largest contributors to world’s CO2 | China, U.S., India, Russia, Japan |
| Per Capita Emissions | U.S. is 12th, China is 69th, India is 135th |
| Farthest back ice cores can track | 800,000 years old |
| Consequences of warming | loss of glacial ice, break-up of ice shelves, significant loss of arctic sea ice, thawing of permafrost, species migration |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, put together climate data, published data from 2004 in 2007, >500 contributors from >25 countries |
| Total temperature increase | increased by about 1 degree globally on average, most warming over northern hemisphere and over land |
| Causes of sea level rise | thermal expansion (greatest), glaciers and ice caps melting, Antarctic ice sheet |
| What models predict to be global average change by 2100 | 3-7 degrees, but actually more like 12 degrees |
| Types and sources of energy | solar, gravity (tidal), nuclear, heat (geothermal), energy in chemical compounds (fossil fuels) |
| Non-renewable energy in electric in US | 87% |
| Non-renewable energy in fuel in US | 95% |
| Desired attributes of energy resources | long-term, available, affordable/stable, high energy density, transportable, safe, low envt’l impact, accessible, compatible w/ infrastructure |
| Role of US in oil | 1920s-1950s (net exporter), 1950-now (net importer) |
| Oil imports peak year | 2005 |
| First oil well | 1859 in Titusville, PA |
| 1 barrel of oil | 42 gallons-19.5 gas, 4.1 jet fuel, 9.2 distillate fuel oil |
| Short c-chains | gases, deepest, lowest viscosity |
| Medium chains | liquids, middle, medium viscosity |
| Long chains | solid, shallow, high viscosity |
| How crude oil forms | oceanic micro-organisms in sea, settle to bottom of seafloor, more sediment accumulates, heats up over time (kerogen), must have temp (75-150 deg.) and depth 4.0-6.0 km |
| Necessities for oil | reservoir rock(sandstones, limestone), source rock (black “oil” shale), trap rock (water saturated rock), gentle folds |
| Bulk of world’s water reservoirs are in | Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Alaska, etc. |
| World reserves of oil | 1.6 trillion barrels |
| World consumption | 1 trillion used, 85 mb/d, 31 bbo/yr, about 51 yrs remain |
| M. King Hubbert | said U.S. oil would peak in 1970 for lower 48, made prediction in 1930, said globally around 2000 |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| 5 original members of OPEC | Venezuela, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran |
| US production and consumption | consumes 18.8 mbd and produces 7.8 mbd, imports 11 mbd |
| US oil imports come from | 40% OPEC, 24% Canada, 11% Mexico, 18% Other |
| Prudhoe Bay, Alaska | discovered in 1968, roughly 25% of all US production, largest in N.A. |
| Oil Consumption | US 18.8 mbd, China 10 mbd, Middle East 8 mbd, India 3 mbd |
| China and India increase since 1965 | China – 10,000% and India 3000% |
Created by:
lfalkens
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