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med immunology 20
Resistance and immunization to infectious disases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is this: defense in depth, including physical barriers, innate and adaptive immune mechanisms | layering |
| what is this: multiple mechanisms for many immune functions are in place | redundancy |
| what is this: microbes capable of causing host damage at the cellular, tissue or organ level | pathogens |
| what is this: a theory that disease occurs when the presence of the microbe in the host results in sufficient damage to manifest clinical symptoms | damage-response framework |
| what is this: the capacity of microbe to cause damage in a host | pathogenicity |
| what is this: relative capacity of microbe to cause damage in a host | virulence |
| what is this: occurs when host-microbe encounter does not result in the establishment of the microbe in the host | elimination |
| what is this: the acquisition of a microbe by a host | infection |
| what is this: term usually used for microbes with significant pathogenic potential that establish themselves in the host without causing symptoms | colonization |
| what is this: microbes take up residence in the host and cannot be eradicated, despite causing host damage | persistence (latency) |
| what is this: microbes that are pathogenic in individuals with weakened immune systems | opportunistic pathogens |
| viruses are _______ _________ pathogens. | obligate intracellular |
| ______ immune mechanisms initially interfere with viral infection. | innate |
| innate immune mechanisms initially interfere with viral infection through the production of _____ and the killing of infected cells by ______. | IFNs, NK cells |
| effective antibody responses to viruses are ______, _______, _______, ______, ______. | neutralize, fix complement and promote complement damage to virions, inhibit viral enzymes, promote opsonization of viral particles, promote ADCC of virus-infected cells |
| what is this substance: help bacterium attach to host tissue, prevent dehydration, avoid phagocytosis, act as leukocidin and destroy WBC | capsules |
| List 6 ways that pathogens evade immune responses | capsules, toxins, antigenic variation, intracellular survival, suppression of the immune system, extracellular enzymes |
| Toxins of V.cholerae, C.tetani,B.anthracis alter ______ _______ in the cells, induce _______ in macrophages, produce large effects with only _____ concentrations of toxins. | water absorption, apoptosis, minute |
| certain toxins called _______ interact with the TCRs of large number of T cells and destroy them causing hypotension, hypovolemia, and organ faifure. | superantigens |
| Super antigens interact with the _____ and destroy them causing hypotension, hypovolemia, and organ failure. | TCRs |
| New antigenic types emerge during infection, each of which expresses a different _____ ______ _______. A few organisms which carry those can survive and proliferate. | variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) |
| some microorganisms are taken up by ______ ___ but manage to survive in the intracellular environment | phagocytic cells |
| As a example of suppression of the immune system by microbes, Epstein Barr virus infects ______. | B cells |
| As a example of suppression of the immune system by microbes, Herpes simplex virus interferes with the function of ___________ | antibody and complement |
| As a example of suppression of the immune system by microbes,fungus C.neoformans sheds capsular polysaccharide that ______ _________. | inhibits inflammatory responses |
| As a defense, some bacteria produce enzymes that ______ _______ molecules. | degrade immune |
| As a defense, N.meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae produce ____ _______ that destroy ___ in musosal surfaces. | IgA proteases, IgA |
| As a defense, Streptococcus produces ________ that aid in bacterial dissemination via blood. | hemolysins |
| _________ is artificial methods to make an individual immune to a disease. | immunization |
| there are two artificial methods of immunizations. Which is this: administration of a vaccine so that the patient actively mounts a protective immune response. | active immunization |
| there are two artificial methods of immunizations. Which is this: individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by an immune individual or animal | passive immunization |
| what are 3 general types of vaccines? | attenuated, killed(inactivated), toxoid |
| This vaccines uses pathogens that are active but have reduced viluence so they don't cause disease, also called modified live vaccines. | attenuated vaccines |
| ______ is the process of reducing virulence. | attenuation |
| _______ are often attenuated by raising them in tissue culture cells for which they aren't adapted until they lose the ability to produce disease. | viruses |
| ______ can be made avirulent by culturing under unusual conditions or through genetic manipulation | bacteria |
| which vaccine: can result in mild infections but no disease, can stimulate a strong immune response by the large number of antigen molecules, viral vaccines trigger a cell-mediated immune response dominated by TH1 and Tc cells, can provide herd immunity. | attenuated vaccines |
| which vaccine: may cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals, pregnant women should not receive this type, modified viruses may revert to wild type or mutate to virulent form. | attenuated vaccines |
| which vaccine: can be either whole agent vaccines produced with deactivated but whole microbes, or subunit vaccines produced with antigenic fragments of microbes. | inactivated vaccines |
| what is commonly used to inactivate microbes by cross-linking their proteins and nucleic acids? | formaldehyde |
| inactivated vaccines are recognized as _______ antigens and stimulate a ____ response that promotes antibody-mediated immunity. | exogenous, TH2 |
| which vaccine: do not stimulate herd immunity, whole agent vaccines may stimulate an inflammatory response, antigenically weak, high or multiple doses or incorporation of an adjuvant are needed to make more effective but may cause allergic reactions. | inactivated vaccines |
| which vaccine: chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity, useful for some bacterial diseases such as anthrax, stimulate antibody-mediated immunity, require multiple doses. | toxoid vaccines |
| Between attenuated and inactivated vaccines, which is safer? | inactivated vaccines |
| Which type of immunity: administration of preformed antibodies to a patient, used when protection is needed quickly, serum from human or animal donors which have been infected with the disease or immunized against it is used | passive immunity |
| serum used for passive immunizations is called ________. | antiserum |
| As immune testing, there are many types of serologic test. which type is used for blood typing? | agglutination test |
| which type of serologic test is used for assay production of particular classes of antibodies? | immunoelectrophoseis (precipitation) |
| which type of serologic test is used for measles, influenza A, syphilis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever,infections of respiratory syncytial virus? | complement fixiation |
| which serologic test is used for diagnosis of rabies, infections of group A streptococci? | direct fluorescent antibody |
| which type of serologic test is used for presence of drugs in urine, diagnosis of hepatitis A, B, initial diagnosis of HIV infection? | ELISA |
| which serologic test is used for verification of infection with HIV, dignosis of Lyme disease? | western blot |
| attenuated viral vaccines trigger a ___________ immune response. | cell-mediated |
| inactivated vaccines trigger a ____________ immune response. | antibody-mediated |
| toxoid vaccines trigger a ___________ immune response | antibody-mediated |
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hiroko lucky2
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