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med immunology 19
Tumor immunology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cancer cells share two properties: ___________ and ________. | uncontrolled cell proliferation , metastatic spread |
| all cancer cells in primary and secondary tumors are ______, meaning that they originated from a common ancestral cell. | clonal |
| all lymphoma cells in each patient with Burkitt's lymphoma contain identical ____________. | translocation breakpoints |
| cancer is a ____ disease. | genetic |
| cancer is a multistep process requiring ________ ________. | multiple mutations |
| age-related cancer is an indication that cancer develops from the __________ of several mutagenic events. | accumulation |
| cancer cells have ____ rates of mutation, ________ abnormalities, and genomic instability than normal cells. | higher, chromosomal |
| The high level of genomic instability in cancer cells is known as the ______ _______. | mutator phenotype |
| the genomic instability in cancer cells causes _________, __________, __________, ________, ____________. | translocations, aneuploidy, chromosome loss, DNA amplification defects, chromosomal deletions |
| ______ _______ are small circular fragments of DNA observed in human tumors. Composed of chromatin and replicate in the nucleus of the cell during cell division having up to only a few million base pairs in size. No centromere or telomere. | double minutes |
| Double minutes are frequently harbor amplified ________ and genes involved in _____ _________. | oncogenes, drug resistance |
| A number of inherited cancers are caused by defects in genes that control ____ _____, including chronic myelogenous leukemia(CML), zeroderma pigmentosum, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer(HNPCC). | DNA repair |
| which cancers are caused by defects in genes that control DNA repair? | myelogenous leukemia(CML), zeroderma pigmentosum, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) |
| in cancer cells, many of the genes that control cell cycle regulation are mutated or aberrantly expressed, leading to ______ ___ _______. | uncontrolled cell proliferation |
| Which stage cell go when they stop proliferation? | G0 |
| Cancer cells are unable to enter ____ and cycle continuously. | G0 |
| Cancer cells often have defects in _____ ____ _______ which initiates a program of gene expression that propels the cell out of G0 and back into the cell cycle. | signal transduction pathways |
| at the ____, ____, and ____ checkpoints, cells decide whether to proceed to the next stage of the cell cycle. | G1/S, G2M, M |
| regulation of cell cycle progress is mediated by _____ and _______. | cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs) |
| what is the substance that regulate synthesis and destruction of cyclin proteins? | cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs) |
| cells halt progress through the cell cycle if _________, ______,or _______ are aberrant. | DNA replication, repair, chromosome assembly |
| If DNA damage is so severe that repair is impossible, the cell may initiate _________ or _______. | apoptosis, programmed cell death |
| Which proteases are responsible for initiating apaptosis and for digesting intracellular components? | caspases |
| __________ are genes whose products promote cell grouwth and division. | proto-oncogens |
| genes of proto-oncogens encode __________. | transcription factors |
| In cancer cells, one or more __________ are altered and activities of transcription factors cannot be controlled normally. | proto-oncogens |
| an ______ is a proto-oncogene that is mutated or oberrantly expressed and contributes to the development of cancer. | oncogene |
| ______ form complexes with _____ that are important regulators of each phase of the cell cycle. | cyclins, CDKs |
| cyclin ___ and cyclin ___ are proto-oncogenes. | D1, E |
| ____ proto-oncogenes encode _____ ______ molecules that regulate cell growth and division. | ras, signal transduction |
| mutations that convert the ras proto-oncogene to an _______ freeze the Ras protein into its active formation, constantly stimulating the cell to divide | oncogene |
| the products of _____ ______ genes normally regulate cell cycle checkpoints and initiate the process of apoptosis. | tumor suppressor |
| If tumor suppressor genes are mutated, cell cannot undergo ______. | apoptosis |
| the p53 and RB1 are ____ _____ _______. | tumor suppressor genes |
| If cells lack of ______ tumor suppressor gene, they cannot arrest at cell cycle checkpoints or enter apoptosis in response to DNA damage. | p53 |
| If cells lack of ______ tumor suppressor gene, many cancers are developed due to unregulated progression through the cell cycle because the gene produce protein that controls the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint. | RB1 |
| pRB (retinoblastoma protein) is a _____ _______ protein that controls the ______ cell cycle checkpoint. | tumor suppressor, G1/S |
| To metastasize from the primary tumor, cancer cells must digest components of the _________ ______ and _____ ______ that normally inhibit migration of cells such as in the cervical cancer. | extracellular matrix, basal lamina |
| what is metalloproteinases? | proteolytic enzymes |
| what are tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)? | regulatory molecules |
| metastasis of malignant tumors cannot be controlled by regulatory molecules such as TIMPs because of the higher presence of proteolytic enzymes such as ________. | metalloproteinases |
| most inherited cancer-susceptibility genes are not sufficient in themselves to trigger cancer development. At least one other ______ _______ in the other copy of the gene must occur to drive a cell toward thumorigenesis. | somatic mutation |
| examples of some cancers can be inherited are | early onset breast cancer, familial melanoma, colon cancer, endocrine cancer, retinoblastoma |
| most animal viruses that cause cancer are ________. | retroviruses |
| viruses that cause cancer in animals are known as ____ _____ _______ because they transform cells into cancer cells. | acute transforming retroviruses |
| Retroviruses integrate into the host genome as a _______ that is replicated with the host's DNA during the normal cell cycle. | provirus |
| A retrovirus can cause cancer by intergrating near a _______ or by integrating a copy of a host _________ into its genome.(1 answer) | proto-oncogene |
| which type of cancer: arising from epithelial tissue, such as glands, breast, skin, and linings of the urogenitial, digestive, and respiratory systems (89% of all cancers) | carcinoma |
| which type of cancer: solid tumors of muscles, bone, and cartilage that arise from the embryological mesoders (1.9% of all cancers) | sarcoma |
| which type of cancer: disease of bone marrow causing excessive production of leukocytes (3.4% of all cancers) | leukemia |
| which type of cancer: diseases of the lymph nodes and spleen that cause excessive production of lymphocytes (5.4% of cancers) | lymphoma, myeloma |
| p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a nuclear protein that acts as a ________ ________. | transcription factor |
| the products of tumor suppressor genes normally regulate ___ ____ ______. | cell cycle checkpoints |
| what is important regulator of each phase of the cell cycle | complex of cyclin and CDK |
Created by:
hiroko lucky2
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