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IB Immune System
IB Anatomy: Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define pathogen | an organism or virus that causes a disease. |
| Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses. 1 | Antibiotics are to kill or control the growth of other microorganisms by blocking specific metabolic pathways within the cell. Bacteria different to human cells, antibiotics |
| Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses. 2 | can be taken by humans to kill bacteria. Viruses on the other hand do not carry out many metabolic processes themselves. |
| Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body tissues. 1 | Phagocytes are found in the blood and ingest pathogens. They do so by recognising pathogens and engulfing them by endocytosis. Enzymes within the phagocytes called lysosomes then digest the pathogens. |
| Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body tissues. 2 | Phagocytes can ingest pathogens in the blood but also within body tissue as they can pass through the pores of capillaries and into these tissues. |
| Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system. | The HIV destroys a type of lymphocyte has a vital role in antibody production - results in reduced amount of active lymphocytes - less antibodies are produced makes the body very vulnerable to pathogens -serious consequences and eventually lead to dea |
| Define active and passive immunity. | Active - Immunity due to antibody production by the organism following the invasion by pathogens. Passive - Immunity due to antibodies received from another organism which made them as a result of that particular organism's own active immunity. |
| 11.1 Explain Antibody Production 1 | 1. Macrophages consume bacter with antigen molecules in their membranes 2. Macrophages present these antigens on their memebrane with the help of special protein structures |
| Explain the principle of vaccination. | A weakened or dead version of a pathogen is injected into the body, causing the immune system to mount a primary response. want to create a secondary response (memory cell) |
| Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination. 1 | Benefits of vaccination Some diseases, such as small pox, can be eradicated. Deaths can be prevented, ex. from measles. Long-term disabilities can be prevented Rubella in pregnant women can lead to birth defects Mumps can cause infertility in men. |
| Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defense against pathogens. | Skin: Forms a physical barrier. Sebaceous glands secret lactic acid and fatty acids. ------------------------------------------ Mucous membranes: Mucous contains lysozyme enzymes. Mucous can be sticky and trap pathogens. |
| Distinguish between antigens and antibodies. 1 | Antibodies are proteins that defend the body against pathogens by binding to antigens on the surface of these pathogens and stimulating their destruction. |
| Distinguish between antigens and antibodies. 2 | Antigens are foreign substances which stimulate the production of antibodies. Antibodies usually only bind to one specific antigen |
| 6.3 Explain Antibody Production 1 * only 8 mark question 1 | -Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte which make antibodies. -Each lymphocyte makes only one specific antibody. -A large amount of different lymphocytes are needed so that the body can produce different types of antibodies. |
| 6.3 Explain Antibody Production 2 * only 8 mark question 2 | -The antibodies are found on the surface of the plasma membrane of these lymphocytes with the antigen-combining site projecting outwards. |
| 6.3 Explain Antibody Production 3 * only 8 mark question 3 | -Pathogens have antigens on their surface which bind to the antigen-combining site of the antibodies of a specific lymphocyte. |
| 6.3 Explain Antibody Production 4 * only 8 mark question 4 | -When this happens the lymphocyte becomes active and starts to make clones of itself by dividing by mitosis. -These clones then start to make more of this specific antibody needed to defend the body against the pathogen. |
| Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS. 1 | Cause: -HIV causes AIDS. -HIV destroys a type of lymphocyte vital for antibody production. -Overtime there are less active lymphocytes. -The body becomes very vulnerable to pathogens. |
| Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS. 2 | Transmission: Through vaginal and anal intercourse as well as oral sex if cuts or tears are present. Through hypodermic needles shared by drug users. |
| Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS. 3 | Transmission: (continued) Through placenta from mother to child. Through cuts during child birth or in milk during breast feeding. Through transfused blood. Through blood factors such as Factor VIII used to treat hemophiliacs. |
| Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS. 4 | Social Implications: -Grief suffered by relatives and friends. -Families can get poorer. -Can be hard to find a partner, employment and housing. -Can reduce sexual activity in a population. |
| Describe the process of blood clotting. 1 | -Platelets or damaged cells release a group of proteins called clotting factors. These clotting factors are released into the plasma a wound site. -Clotting factors activate the enzyme Thrombin from its inactive form prothrombin |
| Describe the process of blood clotting. 2 | -Thrombin turns the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into its insoluble fibrous form Fibrin. -Fibrin binds together platelets and blood cells to form a solid 'plug' for the4 wound. This plug is called a clot. |
| Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity. 1 | A few of each type of B cell are produced and they wait until the body is infected with an antigen. When this occurs, they multiply to form many clones; this is called Clonal Selection. |
| Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity. 2 | A clone of B cells can produce large amounts of antibodies quickly and give immunity to a disease, only after the immune system is challenged by a disease -- this is called the challenge and response system. |
| Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity. 3 | then the immune system responds by producing a clone of "B" cells which produce large amounts of antibodies to fight and eliminate the pathogen. |
| 11.1 Explain Antibody Production 2 | 3. Helper T-cells com in contact with macrophages, pick up the antigens, and incorporate them into their own structures -B cells will are allowed to be present (also activates helper t-cells) |
| 11.1 Explain Antibody Production 3 | 4. Activated helper T cells activated B Cells by passing antigens to B cells 5. B cells dvide to form clones of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells |
| Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment. 1 | 1. Antigens that conrrespond to desired antbody are injected into an animal 2. B cells producing the desired antibody are extracted. 3. Tumor cells are obtained from another source (tumors divide endlessly) |
| Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment. 1 | 4. B cells are fused with tumor cells producing hybridoma cells that divide endlessly 5. hybridoma cells are cultured and antibodies they produce are extracted and purified ex. rabies |
| Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination. 2 | Immunity developed after vaccination may not be as effective as immunity developed in response to the actual disease |
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tamlyd000
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