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Microbiology 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| in..the first description of...a...was published | 1985...acute human immuynodeficiency virus infection...monoculeosis like illness |
| hiv is an | ss rna containing enveloped virus |
| two serotypes of hiv include | hiv 1 in europe, central africa and the americas and hiv 2 in west africa and india |
| hiv 1 is the form that is | spreading across the world and is highly infectious |
| hiv membrane has... | gp120 and 41 |
| gp120 does..and needs to.. | docking..bind to cd4 and ccr5/cxcr4 |
| gp41 does what | fuses the viral and host membranes |
| hiv also has...which is a...that... | reverse transcriptase...polymerase...converts rna to dna |
| hiv infection is usually acquired through... | sexual intercourse, exposure to contaminated blood, or perinatal transmission |
| hiv transmission is via | genital, anal or oral sex |
| hiv has several targets including | dendritic cels, macrophages, cd4+ t cells |
| ...are found in...as well as...which may serve as the... | interstitial dendritic cells...cervicovaginal epithelium, rectal...tonsillar and adenoid tissue...initial target cells in hiv infection |
| hiv1 is...and then it is... | captured by the dendritic cells...delivered to the lymph node where the virus is transmitted to cd4+ t cells |
| the lymph node then becomes the | principal site of virus production |
| hiv infection course | rna - dna -host cell dna (macrophages/lymph nodes) also in resting (memory) t lymphocytes |
| incuabtion period for hiv is | 200 days to 20 years |
| hiv virus binds to | cells that have the cd4 antigen (first receptor) |
| hiv virus also needs a | secondary receptor or the cxcr4 (fusin) for t cell tropic or ccr5 for m cell tropic |
| approximately...of the caucasian population are....to... | 1%...naturally resistant...hiv1 infection bec of a mutation in the cxcr4 gene |
| in order for hiv to enter,...must bind to the...in addition to.. | gp120...chemokine receptor..the cd4 molecule |
| the chemokine receptor that the gp120 must bind to is either | cxcr4 on the surface of t helper cells or ccr5 on the surface of macrophages) |
| steps of hiv replication | binding and entry, reverse transcriptase, integration, transcription, assembly, release |
| reverse transcriptase does what | synthesizes rna into dna |
| integration involves...that.. | intigrase..integrates viral dna into the cell genome |
| the proteases | cut up the protein |
| reverse transcriptase can be inhibited by | the drug azido-dideoxythymidine or azt |
| assembly can be inhibited by | protease inhibitors |
| at the time of initial infection with hiv, patients have a...and no... | large number of susceptible cd4+ t cells....hiv specific immune response |
| hiv ...in an... | destroys or disables cd4+ t cells ..hiv infected individual by several mechanism |
| hiv destroys cd4+ t cells by | direct killing, syncytia formation, induction of apoptosis in infected cells, cytotoxic cell responses |
| direct killing involves killing of the...by.. | cd4 cells..hiv gp120 lysis |
| syncytia formation happens between | infected and uninfected cells |
| induction of apoptosis in infected cells means that the infected...are... | cd4 t cells...killed when cellular regulation is distorted by hiv proteins |
| when cellular regulation is distorted by hiv proteins, it leads to their | suicide by a process known as programmed cell death/apoptosis |
| cytotoxic cell responses happen to the | infected cd4 cells and kills them |
| hiv virus produces a...and in it most advanced stages is.... | slow but progressive deterioration in the host immune system...complicated by opp infections, neurlogic disorders and some forms of cancer |
| aids happens when...and you get... | cd4 gets low enough...opp infections like pneumonocystis jirovecii |
| during primary infection, hiv...ususally accompanied by an... | disseminates widely through the body...abrupt decrease in cd4 + t cells |
| during primary infection an...with a... | immune response to hiv ensues...detectable decrease in viral load |
| the detectable decrease in viral load leads to..but... | clinical latency...cd4+ t cells slowly continue to decrease until they fall to a critical level below which there is a substantial risk of opp infections |
| stage 1 of hiv lasts about...and there are... | 6 mo to 1 yr....antibodies in the blood |
| symptoms of stage 1 | fever, headache, fatigue, t cell count normal |
| stage 2 lasts around...and usually there are... | 3-5 years...no symtpoms except for swollen lymph glands, active viral replication (3-100 billion/day) and host immune system is able to handle |
| stage 3 lasts around....and... | 1-2 years...cmir is severely impaired, t cell count drops |
| stages 4 & 5 last about..and usually the... | 1-2 years...t cell count is less than 200/mm3 |
| during stages 4/5 there is a problem with | opp infections |
| stage 6 lasts about...and there is a... | 1-2 years....total loss of t4 cell function |
| other characteristics of stage 6 includ | severe weight loss, dementia, unable to walk or talk, waste away and opp infections |
| the problem with clincal hiv is about | 60 different opp infections can happen which all have to be treated |
| ...are very common w/ hiv because of... | yeast infections like candidiasis (thrush), bacterial and viral infections...low immunity |
| if an aids patient has...then about... | pneumocystis jiroveci (fungus)....70% will die |
| other complications w/ hiv include | mycobacterium tuberculosis, reactivation of latent herpes viruses (hsv/cmv), kaposi's sarcoma (hhv8), encephalitis (dementia) |
| the number of new hiv cases and the number of deaths due to aids is | decreasing |
| there are about...a day | 16,000 new cases of hiv infections |
| more than..of the new daily cases are in.. | 95%...developing countries |
| ...of the new cases are in... | 2000..children under 15 years of age |
| about...of new cases are persons aged... | 12,000...15-49 years (50% women and other 50% are 15-24 year olds) |
| hiv treatment is with | azt, protease inhibitors (pi) and HAART |
| azt is the..and it inhibits.. | first drug treatment...viral genomic replication |
| pi's inhibit | maturation of viral particles |
| examples of common pis are | saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, viracept |
| HAART stands for | highly active antiretroviral therapy |
| haart consists of a combo of | azt and two pis |
| haart works by | suppressing the virus and decreasing the rate of opp infections |
| haart may cause | unpleasant side effects in some patients |
| people infected w/ hiv who take...can still... | antiretroviral drugs...transmit hiv to others through unprotected sex and needle sharing |
| in some countries, especially...there is... | africa..social resistance to western style hiv therapy |
| there is no | hiv vaccine yet |
| healthcare people should assume that the blood and other body fluids from all patients are...and they should therefore... | potentially infectious....follow infection control precautions at all times |
| healthcare peeps should use | barriers when anticipating contact w/ blood or body fluids |
| health peeps should....immediately after.. | wash hands and other skin surfaces...contact w/ blood or body fluisd (decontaminate waste) |
| health peeps need to.... | carefully handle and dispose sharp instruments during and aer use |
| special classes of human viruses include | hep, tumor and prion disease |
| hep viruses cause | viral hepatitis |
| tumor viruses cause ....and include... | cancer....hpv, hbv, hcv, ebv, human t cell lymph, hhv8 |
| hpv | cervical cancer |
| hbv, hcv | liver cancer |
| ebv | burkitts lymphoma |
| human t cell lymph | I & II leukemia |
| hhv8 | kaposis sarcoma in hiv patients |
| prion disease causes | mad cow disease |
| there are...types of hep taht cause very.. | five..similar diseases (hepatitis) |
| route for hep | damaged liver, bilirubin, blood, urine and dark yellow skin |
| viral hep involves | inflammation of liver |
| when liver function is imapired, it leads to...causing... | hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin int he blood..symptoms of hepatitis |
| symptoms of hepatitis include | jaundice and dark urine |
| jaundice involves | yellow skin and eyes |
| dark urine is the result of...and can also involve... | bilirubin excreted in urine...light stool |
| signs of liver cell damage include..such as.. | liver enzymes...serum glutamate oxaloaceetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase |
| ..also releases the liver enzymes | statin drugs |
| viruses causing serum hep include | hbv, hcv, hdv |
| risk factors for serum hep include | people who share needles, health care workers exposed to infected blood, std |
| possible symptoms of serum hep include | pain in upper right abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea/vomitting, jaundice, fatigue, itching |
| hep a virus causes...and is an... | infectious hepatitis..enteric virus |
| both hav and hev are | naked capsid viruses |
| hav and hev usually isnt...and an estimated.. | serious...80,000 cases occur each year in the us |
| how many people die from hep a and e per year | 100 |
| hav and hev is transmitted through | oral fecal contact or food contaminated with the virus (raw food - shell fish) |
| there is a | hep a and e vaccine for travelers |
| hep e is an...and is usually.. | enteric...mild/self limiting |
| hev is dangerious in | pregnant women (20% mortality rate in third world countries) |
| hbv, hcv and hdv are all | serum hepatitis' caused by stds |
| more than...infected with...are also..because... | 80%...hiv...infected with hbv...it infects the same way hiv infects through body fluids (semen or blood) |
| hep b...is available for... | surface antigen vaccine is available...health care workers and all sexually active adults |
| the hep b surface antigen vaccine was originally prepared from...who had... | plasma obtained from patients ...long standing hep b virus infection |
| currently, hep b surface antigen vaccine is more often made using | recominant dna technology |
| hcv happens more commonly in...than in.. | iv drug users and hemophiliacs...gay/bisexual men |
| hcv causes | serious liver problems (cirrhosis, liver failure) |
| about half of the hcv cases are | chronic (not curable) |
| hdv is caused with the...and is never... | delta agent...found unless hbv is also present (covirus - needs hbv to replicate) |
| hdv hep is an | aggressive disease that is extremely dangerous |
Created by:
handrzej
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