What are the four stages of Cellular Respiration?

Glycolysis, the Links reaction, Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

What are the products of Glycolysis:

2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of Pyruvate and 2 molecules of NADH.

Glucose (or another respiratory substrate) is first phsophorylated and then Oxidised into two molecules of Pyruvate. 2 molecules of ATP are used to phosphorylate Glucose to give GALP and then 4 are produced when this is oxidised.

What are the products of the Links reaction: (Remember that it occurs twice for each mol of glucose):

Two molecules of Acetyle Coenzyme A, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 CO2.

Describe the Links reaction:

Pyruvate is Decarboxalated into a 2 carbon molecule known as Acetyle, which is combinded with CoA to produce Acetyle CoA. As a carbon is removed it produced CO2 and a molecule of NADH. This occurs twice.

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle (x2):

6 molecules of NADH, 2 molecules of FADH2, 2 Molecules of ATP and 4 Molecules of CO2. Also, the CoEnzyme A and a 4 carbon (Oxalacatate) molecule are regenerated each turn.

Describe Krebs Cycle:

2C Acetyle CoA enters and is combined with Oxaloacetate to form a 6 carbon molecule, Citate, this is decarboxalated producing CO2 and NADH. The 5 caron molecule now is decarboxaleted again to produce 1 CO2, 1 ATP, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2. The 4C is regenerated,

What are the products of Oxadative Phosphorylation?

Many ATP (32?) and several NAD and FAD.

Electrons from the Reduced coenzymes are used to produce energy along a series of carrier molecules, using this energy H+ ions are pumped into the Intermembrane space. H+ concentration increase in this area producing a chemical gradient.

What is the final electron Acceptor:

Oxygen, it is reduced to form H2O.

Describe how ATP is sysnthesised during Oxadative Phosphorylation:

The potential energy in the chemosmatic gradient in the intermembrane space is used by ATP Synthase to bond ADP and Pi together to for ATP. H+ ions are then used with Electrons to reduce O2 to form H2O.

What occurs in an environment that is low oxygen?

Glycolysis will still occur, however the Pyruvate will be Anaerobically respired, cause the formation of only two molecules of ATP per glucose and lactate. NADH, from Glycolysis, is used to reduce pyruvate to Lactate, the NAD is then used in Glycolysis

What happens over a long period of Anaerobic exercise?

Lactate will build up and begin to cause muscles to be sore as it builds up in the blood. Also, requires a large amount of O2 to remove.

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Cellular Respiration

Cell Respiration, Glycolysis, Links, Krebs, ETC

Question	Answer
What are the four stages of Cellular Respiration?	Glycolysis, the Links reaction, Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
What are the products of Glycolysis:	2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of Pyruvate and 2 molecules of NADH.
Describe Glycolysis:	Glucose (or another respiratory substrate) is first phsophorylated and then Oxidised into two molecules of Pyruvate. 2 molecules of ATP are used to phosphorylate Glucose to give GALP and then 4 are produced when this is oxidised.
What are the products of the Links reaction: (Remember that it occurs twice for each mol of glucose):	Two molecules of Acetyle Coenzyme A, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 CO2.
Describe the Links reaction:	Pyruvate is Decarboxalated into a 2 carbon molecule known as Acetyle, which is combinded with CoA to produce Acetyle CoA. As a carbon is removed it produced CO2 and a molecule of NADH. This occurs twice.
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle (x2):	6 molecules of NADH, 2 molecules of FADH2, 2 Molecules of ATP and 4 Molecules of CO2. Also, the CoEnzyme A and a 4 carbon (Oxalacatate) molecule are regenerated each turn.
Describe Krebs Cycle:	2C Acetyle CoA enters and is combined with Oxaloacetate to form a 6 carbon molecule, Citate, this is decarboxalated producing CO2 and NADH. The 5 caron molecule now is decarboxaleted again to produce 1 CO2, 1 ATP, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2. The 4C is regenerated,
What are the products of Oxadative Phosphorylation?	Many ATP (32?) and several NAD and FAD.
Describe the ETC:	Electrons from the Reduced coenzymes are used to produce energy along a series of carrier molecules, using this energy H+ ions are pumped into the Intermembrane space. H+ concentration increase in this area producing a chemical gradient.
What is the final electron Acceptor:	Oxygen, it is reduced to form H2O.
Describe how ATP is sysnthesised during Oxadative Phosphorylation:	The potential energy in the chemosmatic gradient in the intermembrane space is used by ATP Synthase to bond ADP and Pi together to for ATP. H+ ions are then used with Electrons to reduce O2 to form H2O.
What is the process of H+ ions moving across the membrane:	Chemiosmosis.
What occurs in an environment that is low oxygen?	Glycolysis will still occur, however the Pyruvate will be Anaerobically respired, cause the formation of only two molecules of ATP per glucose and lactate. NADH, from Glycolysis, is used to reduce pyruvate to Lactate, the NAD is then used in Glycolysis
What happens over a long period of Anaerobic exercise?	Lactate will build up and begin to cause muscles to be sore as it builds up in the blood. Also, requires a large amount of O2 to remove.

Created by: mjwilson1988

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