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Final Lab Exam-Lab8
Phylum Chordata
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Subphylum Urochordata | Tunicates |
| Tunicates | Sea Squirts |
| Examples of Tunicates | Molgula tunicates, Amarocucium stellatum |
| Amaroucium stellatum | sea pork |
| Sea porks (solitary or colonial) | Both - each has its own tunic |
| How do sessile tunicates get their food? | Secretes mucus and catches food in it. |
| 5 chordate characteristics that tunicate larvae possess | notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, endostyle, post anal tail |
| Which characteristics remain in the adult tunicate? | Pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post anal tail |
| What is the purpose of the endostyle in tunicates? | Secretes mucus in order to capture food. |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata | Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) |
| How do lancelets get their food? | Mucus catches food --> cilia move to gut |
| Which structe in lancelets produces mucus? | Endostyle |
| What is the function of the notochord in lancelets? | Sense organs and photoreceptors |
| What activities are possible with the notochord? | Sensory activities |
| Class Myxini | Hagfish |
| What are hagfish referred to as referring to the ways of catching food? | predators/scavengers |
| What do hagfish produce on their external areas? | Mucus (slime) |
| Class Petromyzontida | Sea Lamprey |
| Do sea lamprey have paired appendages? | No |
| What are epidermal teeth made of in sea lamprey? | Kertain (orange), no bony enamel |
| What is the function of the buccal funnel in sea lamprey? | attaches to prey, contains the teeth and papillae |
| What are the papillae of a sea lamprey? | Fringed lips, help create the seal against a prey item |
| How many nostrils does a sea lamprey have and where is/are it/they located? | 1 and in the middle (median nostril) |
| What are myomeres? | Muscle blocks that are visible externally |
| What is the type of tongue that a sea lamprey has? | Rasping tongue |
| What is the purpose of external gill openings in the sea lamprey and how many do they have? | There are 7 gill slits, and they lead to the internal gills to extract oxygen out of water |
| What is the type of shark that we dissected in class? | Spiny Dogfish Shark |
| How old does the spiny dogfish shark live to be? | 25-30 years old |
| What stage of life are the spiny dogfish at when they are sexually mature? | Teens |
| Are dogfish carnivores,herbivores, or omnivores? | Omnivores |
| What do dogfish eat? | Fish, Crustaceans, Squid, Snails, Jellyfish, Algae |
| What water depth do dogfish sharks live in? | Shallow to 600 ft deep (varies) |
| What type of scales do sharks have? | Placoid scales |
| What are placoid scales made from? | dentine and enamel |
| What is the smoothest way on a shark? (head to tail or tail to head?) | Head to tail- water current - aerodynamic |
| What is special about the eyes, specifically the cornea of a shark? | Corneas are transparent - keeps water out |
| What are the jaws and teeth made from? | Same as the placoid scales - dentin and enamel |
| How many teeth does a Great White Shark have? | ~400 teeth |
| How much force can a typical 8 foot shark apply? | 18 tons psi while biting |
| What is the purpose of the rostrum (snout) in a shark? | Contributes to streamlining |
| Where are the spiracles located? Purpose? | 1st gill slits - brings in oxygenated water |
| What are the gill slits for in a shark? | Where water exits during respiration |
| What are the electroreceptors called in sharks? | Ampullae of Lorenzi |
| What is the purpose of the ampullae of lorenzi | detect electrical currents of muscle contractions in the water |
| Can sharks breath through nostrils? Why or why not? What is the purpose? | No, they are blind sacs. However, they do detect blood in small amounts. |
| What is the purpose of pectoral fins of a shark? | Arms help to provide lift while swimming |
| What do males have by their pelvic fins to transfer sperm from the cloaca to the female's cloaca | Claspers |
| What type of tail is the caudal fin? | Heterocercal |
| What is the purpose of a heterocercal tail? | Helps to propel the shark? |
| What is the cloaca? | "Common sewer"-Opening between the pelvic fins - exit for the urinary and reproductive (young pups are born here) systems |
| Where is the heart located? | Anterior to the liver |
| What does the heart of a shark contain? | A muscular ventricle and a dark sac, the atrium |
| What is the anterior artery called? | Conus Arteriosus - leads to the heart |
| What is the purpose of the transverse septum? | Thin membrane that separates the peridcardial cavity from the abdomen |
| What is the peritoneum? | Shiny membrane that lines the internal body wall |
| What is the liver? | Large green structure that contains oil for energy storage and buoyancy (green structure) |
| What does the gall bladder contain and where is it attached? | It is attached to the median lobe and it contains bile (darker structure) |
| What color are the testes and where are they located? | White organs, located near the liver under the pectoral fins |
| What color are the ovaries and where are they located? | White and same place as testes |
| What are the folds in the stomach of a shark called and what are they for? | They are called rugae and they are used for allowing the stomach to distend when a large meal has been eaten |
| Where is the pancreas located and what is its function? | It is located at the bottom of the stomach where the small intestine attaches. It secretes digestive enzymes. |
| What is the function of the spleen? Where is it located? | removes dead red blood cells and it is located on the shark's left side |
| What is the spiral valve in the ileum used for? | It is because the intestine is short, so it takes longer to go through the spirals |
| What is the rectal gland used for? | secretes salt to maintain osmotic balance |
| What other organ in the shark excretes salt besides the rectal gland? | Kidneys |
| Where is osmosis and diffusion used in osmoregulation? | Osmosis- water loss Diffusion- salt gain |
| Are sharks more or less salty than the water around them? | Less salty (1.7%) and water is (3.5%) |
| Should sharks be feared? | No |
| How do sharks eat food directly in front of their faces? | jaw is thrust forwards -head changes shape |
| What is the function of the eye's nictating membrane? | protection, closes when eating prey |
| HOw many species of sharks are there in the world? | 350 species |
| What is the feeding behavior of Basking Sharks | Plankton - swims with mouth open and filters out food |
| What service do Remoras (fish)provide for sharks? | Clean parasites from sharks body |
| How are sharks affected by low frequency sounds (splashing)? | Sharks are attracted to low frequency sounds - do not splash in the ocean to scare sharks away! |
| What does the Great WHite SHark do to the dummy human in the movie? | Attacks it when it has bright colors |
| How many shark attacks on humans are there in a typical year, worldwide? How many are fatal? | 50/ year, 10 fatal |
| Why do Great White Sharks often miss the bait at the last second in feeding experiments? | acute sensitivity to electric fields, shark uses vision at first but then closes eyes and uses electroreceptors |
| How do most sharks respond to the Moses Sole (fish) from the Red Sea? Why? | Did not want to attack the fish. Sole is poison excreting. |
| What is the weight and cost of the shark protection suit tested in the movie? What happens to the diver? | 12 pounds and $2000, she gets attacked and loses her glove |
| Why do some Japanese fisherman beat on their boats with sticks? | good luck- attracts sharks- put lines with hooks and catch sharks |
| What adaptation (to low light levels) do we see in the eyes of deep sea sharks? | Eyes are green and they glow- luminescent --attract pray |
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