Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
9.14 Quiz 10
Vocab from Schneider Chapters 24-26
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Field L | The area in the endbrain of birds where the auditory projections from the thalamus terminate. Field L is located in the medial part of the nidopallium, a large region below the lateral ventricle of the endbrain. |
| Archistriatum | An older term for the avian arcopallium, a structure of the caudal endbrain that is like the mammalian amygdala in its orgins and in some of its major connections. |
| Nidopallium | The “nested pallium”—the large region in the endbrain of a bird located below the lateral ventricle. Sensory afferents to the nidopallium include visual (centrolaterally), auditory (caudomedially), somatosensory (anteriorly). |
| Nucleus Ovoidalis | The nucleus of the avian thalamus that receives auditory projections from the midbrain’s torus semicircularis (comparable to the mammalian inferior colliculus). |
| Higher Vocal Center (HVC) | Cell group in a songbird’s caudal nidopallium that influences control on singing. The HVC projects to the arcopallium, which projects to midbrain auditory structures and to the portion of the hypoglossal nucleus that innervates the syrinx in the throat. |
| Arcopallium (in songbirds) | A structure of a bird’s caudal endbrain that is the avian equivalent of the amygdala in mammals. It includes nucleus robustus, which has descending projections that control singing. |
| Nucleus Robustus | The cell group of a songbird’s arcopallium that controls singing by direct projections to the portion of the hypoglossal nucleus that innervates the syrinx in the throat. The robust nucleus also projects to midbrain auditory structures. |
| Area X (in songbirds) | The region of the striatum in songbirds that is critical for the learning of song patterns. Area X projects to the thalamus (nucleus DLM), which projects to LMAN, which projects to the nucleus robustus, which has descending outputs that control singing. |
| LMAN | The lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium in birds. LMAN is important in the learning of song, which it controls by its projections to the nucleus robustus of the arcopallium. |
| Syrinx | The vocal organ of birds located at the base of the trachea and the beginning of each of the two bronchial tubes. Separate sounds can be produced simultaneously by vibrating the walls of the trachea and bronchi. |
| Origins of the Corpus Striatum | The most primitive corpus striatum is the part of the ventral striatum linking olfaction to motor systems, which became very plastic. Striatal complexity increased with non-olfactory inputs, leading to the differentiation of the dorsal striatum. |
| Hippocampal Formation | Consists of cortical areas with only one cell layer like Ammon’s Horn, Subiculum and the Dentate Gyrus. Additionally, nearby parahippocampal areas like the presubiculum, parasubiculum and entorhinal cortex are included in the hippocampal formation. |
| Passerine Birds | The largest order of birds, all adapted for perching with three toes extending forwards and one backward. Passerines are small to medium sized birds, including the songbirds. |
| Pallium | The pallium includes all the cortical areas that developed above, dorsolateral and dorsomedial to the lateral ventricle of the cerebral hemisphere. |
| Neopallium | The neocortex of mammals. The “new mantle.” (The word neocortex means “new bark.”) |
| Subpallium | Subpallial regions are non-cortical areas that developed from the ventral, ventrolateral and ventromedial parts of the endbrain neural tube. They are mainly located below the lateral ventricle. |
| Posterior Tuberculum | A structure in the caudoventral diencephalon of many vertebrates that contains dopamine cells. In some of these animals there is no midbrain area that contains dopamine cells. The posterior tuberculum receives sensory inputs and projects to the endbrain. |
| Diurnal Rhythms | Activity that occurs daily in a regular cycle. |
| Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) | Neurons of the brainstem reticular formation with widespread ascending projections which, when stimulated, cause arousal of the entire forebrain. Thus the ARAS is a brain-state changing system. Many of the neurons are cholinergic. |
| Limbic System Arousal | Stimulation of midbrain limbic structures causes sympathetic arousal. Limbic arousal results in motivational changes: reward and punishment. This arousal is caused by electrical or chemical stimulation and key stimuli that trigger instinctive behaviors. |
| Non-limbic Arousal | Midbrain stimulation in the reticular formation causes sympathetic arousal with widespread forebrain changes, but without strong rewarding or punishing effects leading to habituation. This arousal is caused outside stimulation and novel stimuli. |
| Endocrine System | The glands of the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream with widespread effects on other tissues. The major glands are controlled by secretions of the pituitary organs, which are controlled by the brain through the hypothalamus. |
| Supraoptic Nucleus | Cell group located in the hypothalamus, dorsolateral to the optic chiasm. The large neurons are neurosecretory, making either vasopressin or oxytocin, which are transported down axons before being released into capillaries of the neurohypophysis. |
| Paraventricular Nucleus (PVH) | Cell group located in the anterodorsal hypothalamus near the ventricle. Some of the neurons are neurosecretory, sending axons to the neurohypophysis where they release ADH or oxytocin. It also receives input from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. |
| Median Eminence | The most ventral hypothalamus. Neurons in this region project to proximal part of the neuropituitary stalk and secrete releasing hormones into a portal vein to another capillary bed in the adenohypophysis, where they cause the release of other horomones. |
| Hypophyseal Arteries | Found adjacent to the pituitary, these arteries give rise to capillaries that branch within the neurohypophysis where they pick up hormones. The arteries empty a nearby venous sinus, or into another capillary bed in the adenohypophysis. |
| Venous Sinus | A channel that acts as a vein, carrying venous blood into the venous system. A sinus is different from a vein in its lack of the same structures in its walls. For example, there are venous sinuses formed by channels in the dura mater. |
| Oxytocin | Produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream via the neurohypophysis. It is best known for causing contractions of the uterus while giving birth and releasing milk during nursing. |
| Vasopressin (Anti-Diuretic Hormone or ADH) | A hormone that causes water retention by acting on the kidneys and vascular constriction resulting in increased blood pressure. |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Very frequent urination, thirst and drinking that can be caused by insufficient ADH secretion or by insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. Similar symptoms can occasionally result from taking certain drugs or acute onset of diabetes mellitus. |
| Arcuate Nucleus | Located in the caudoventral hypothalamus near the pituitary stalk, its projections influence the pituitary and reach multiple structures of the limbic system. Some cells of the nucleus are involved in the regulation of feeding. |
| Releasing Hormones | Peptides made in hypothalamic cells in the median eminence. These peptides are released by axons into capillaries, and they move through the bloodstream into the glandular pituitary where they cause release of pituitary hormones into the bloodstream. |
| Piloerection | Standing up of body hair, usually in response to cold temperatures. Piloerection results in better insulation in animals with fur. |
| Endotherm | An animal with endothermal control maintains fairly constant body temperature at levels that enable optimal function of tissues. Mammals and birds are endotherms—commonly called warm-blooded animals. |
| Ectotherm | An animal that cannot maintain a constant body temperature so its temperature fluctuates with the environmental temperature. To enable body processes, temperature is raised by activity or finding warmer places, or lowered by avoidance of direct sunlight. |
| Agonistic Behaviors | Term used in ethology to refer to fighting, either aggressive or defensive in nature. It also includes various displays related to aggressive interactions among animals. |
| Appetitive Behavior | Behavior that involves seeking for stimuli that trigger consummatory behavior. Appetitive behavior is the initial behavior triggered by high levels of a motivation. Appetitive behavior can lead to an instinctive action pattern that is part of a FAP. |
| Consummatory Behavior | A behavioral action that is the goal of an instinctive motivation. For example, eating is the consummatory behavior resulting from hunger motivation. |
| Neuroethology | Scientific studies of the neural basis of natural behavior patterns of animals. These behaviors, similar in all members of a species, are inherited and instinctive but can be influenced by learning. |
| Drive State | The behavioral state caused by a high level of a particular instinctive motivation (drive). |
| Drive vs. Reward | Reward occurs when an animal obtains the stimuli it seeks as a consequence of a particular biological drive. Thus, drive is the state of arousal of a particular motivation while reward is the sensory pleasure resulting from reaching the goal of the drive. |
| Medial Hypothalamus | The medial hypothalamus, which is medial to the fornix fiber bundle, is composed of specific cell groups defined by cytoarchitecture. Functional studies have shown clear differences in many of the functions and connections of these cell groups. |
| Lateral Hypothalamus | The lateral hypothalamus is traversed by the rostrocaudal axons of the medial forebrain bundle, including the fornix fibers. The major cell groups found among the axons are the lateral preoptic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area. |
| Mammillary Bodies (MM) | Located in the caudal hypothalamus, MM forms two prominent round bulges near the midline. MM are a major terminus of the fornix fibers from the hippocampus, transmiting allocentric head-direction. MM updates this info, and sends it to tegmental nuclei. |
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) | Receives a major input from the amygdala via the fiber bundle called the stria terminalis. Lesions of VMH result in overeating, as the animal cannot respond normally to satiety cues. VMH seems to also play a role in aggressive and defensive behavior. |
| Dorsomedial Hypothalamus (DMH) | DMH responds to leptin, which is secreted by a full stomach, and stimulates the nearby paraventricular nucleus. The PVH activates orexin-containing axons that descend to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. DMH is modulated in a daily rhythm. |
| Anterior Hypothalamic Area | Region of the hypothalamus anterior to the VMH. It is important for regulation of body temperature and for the onset of sleep. See also “preoptic area.” |
| Preoptic Area | Ventral part of the anterior hypothalamus extending rostrally to the anterior part of the optic chiasm, the preoptic area is important in the control of thirst and sleep onset. Some axons from here control the release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone. |
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus | Located in the medial preoptic area, the sexually dimorphic nucleus is larger in males than females. |
| Subfornical Organ | A highly vascularized region of the ventricular lining located in the interventricular foramen just below the fornix axon bundle. The region lacks a blood-brain barrier. It is important in control of thirst. |
| Lamina Terminalis | Few neurons proliferate here so it remains a thin wall of the third ventricle at its rostralmost end. This lamina contains a vascular organ where the blood-brain barrier is weak so blood factors can directly affect cells. |
| Fornix Fibers | Axons of the fornix come from the subiculum of the hippocampus, arching over the thalamus and connecting to the septum and basal forebrain. A large group of these axons forms a column in the septum which follow the medial forebrain bundle to the MM. |
| Osmoreceptors | Neurons that respond to changes in blood osmolarity. Many are located in the vascular tissue of the subfornical organ and lamina terminalis. These receptors control of water balance via physiological mechanisms and thirst motivation. |
| Cingulate Cortex | The paralimbic cortex located in the medial surface of the hemisphere, in the gyrus just above the corpus callossum. The cingulate is interconnected with association areas of neocortex and with parahippocampal areas. |
| Anterior Nuclei of the Thalamus | Three rostral nuclei (anterodorsal, antermedial and anteroventral) of the thalamus, separated from other thalamic nuclei by a fiber layer. Inputs to the anterior nuclei come from the mammillary bodies and the subiculum of the hippocampus. |
| Retrosplenial Cortex | Located caudal to the cingulate cortex and extending behind and below the splenium, this limbic area has connections similar to those of the cingulate cortex but with more prominent connections with visual cortical areas. |
| Ammon’s Horn | The central part of the hippocampus, Ammon’s Horn is single-layered cortex located between the dentate gyrus and the border with parahippocampal cortex. Ammon’s Horn is subdivided into CA-1, 2, 3, and 4, with CA-1 and CA-3 being the most prominent. |
| Testosterone | The male steroid hormone found in mammals, birds, reptiles and other vertebrates. It is found at much higher levels in males than in females. It is secreted primarily by the testes and in much lower amounts by the adrenal glands |
| Estrogens | The female steroid hormones found in all vertebrates. Their synthesis involves a series of steps beginning with cholesterol, and the last step is transforming an androgen, which is a male hormone, into an estrogen. |
| Chorionic Gonadotropin | A hormone produced by the placenta throughout the pregnancy, it binds to receptors in the ovaries and in the placenta to stimulate gestation. One of its subunits is very similar to thyroid stimulating hormone, thus also stimulating thyroid function. |
| Polychorinated Biphenols (PCBs) | Banned in the USA as persistent environmental pollutants, they have been previously widely used commercially in both structures and fluid. They are carcinogens, and are also known to bind to thyroid hormone receptors and disrupt normal thyroid function. |
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus | Any cell group in the central nervous system that is significantly different in males and females. |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) | The SCN, while also a biological clock, has a number of sub-regions with complex functions not completely understood. The SCN has a possible role in sexual preference since it contains more ADH releasing neurons in homosexual men than in heterosexual men. |
| Corpus Callosum | The axons that interconnect the two hemispheres of the endbrain in the corpus callosum and anterior commissure are more numerous in heterosexual females than in heterosexual males. |
| Nucleus Bulbocavernosis (Nucleus Bulbospongiosus) | The cell group in the spinal cord that innervates the muscle in the genital area that causes vascular engorgement during sexual excitement. This nucleus is considerably more prominent in males than in females, a fact initially reported for rats. |
| Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BST) | Basal forebrain nucleus that receives strong projections from the amygdala. The central BST (BSTc) is larger in males than females, with almost twice as many somatostatin-containing neurons. Transgender male-to-female individuals have a female-like BSTc. |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Physical differences between males and females of a species that usually appear during sexual maturation. ). Sexually dimorphic traits are often correlated with differences in behavior, which implies differences in the brain. |
| Stria Terminalis | The axons of the ST arise in the central nucleus of the amygdala, running parallel to the fornix. They terminate in structures of the ventral striatum, including the BST and more caudally in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and midbrain limbic areas. |
| Anterodorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus (AD) | The AD receives inputs from the mammillary body and from the subiculum of the hippocampus, and projects to posterior cingulate gyrus known as the retrosplenial cortex, and to the subiculum. |
| Anteroventral Nucleus of the Thalamus (AV) | The AV receives inputs from the mammillary body and from the subiculum of the hippocampus, and projects to posterior cingulate gyrus known as the retrosplenial cortex. Unlike AD, it projects more to presubiculum than subiculum. |
| Antermedial Nucleus of the Thalamus (AM) | Receives inputs from the mammillary bodies and from the subiculum, and projects to anterior cingulate gyrus. In rats, it also projects to visual area 18b, perirhinal cortex and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortex. |
| Subparaventricular Nucleus | Hypothalamic cell group that receives projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus and projects to dorsal PVH via the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Thus, it is important for the daily rhythm of ADH and melatonin secretions. |
Created by:
9.14
Popular Biology sets