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9.14 Quiz 11
Vocab from Schneider Chapters 27 & 28
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pretectal Nuclei | The pretectcal nuclei are an important input to Papez' Circuit. They provide information on head movement to the laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which projects to parahippocampal areas, like the retrosplenial cortex and postsubiculum. |
| Laterodorsal Nucleus (LD) | Besides receiving input from the Nucleus of the Optic Tract, which is a pretectal nucleus, LD also receives allocentric directional information from the hippocampus. Thus, the combination of inputs to LD resembles inputs to the mammillary bodies. |
| Association Cortex | Visual association areas and multimodal association areas in parietal cortex are interconnected with paralimbic areas, especially the retrosplenial cortex, which projects to entorhinal cortex and to pre- and post-subiculum, and then to hippocampus. |
| Juxtallocortex | A term sometimes used for transitional cortex located in-between the 6-layered neocortex and the allocortex. Paralimbic cortex is a similar, more commonly used, term. |
| Allocortex | The various limbic cortical areas that have fewer than six cell layers. |
| Idiotypic Cortex | Neocortical areas that are the most specialized in structure: the primary sensory areas and the primary motor cortex. |
| Homotypical Isocortex | Most of the neocortex in humans is homotypical isocortex, including both unimodal and multimodal association areas. Homotypic areas are all fairly similar in laminar structure. |
| Paralimbic Areas | Paralimbic areas are interconnected with association areas of the neocortex, especially with multimodal areas, as well as reciprocal connections with limbic system structures. For example, cingulate gyrus and retrosplenial areas. |
| Corticoid Structures | Structures with some resemblances to cortex but which are not usually classified as cortex. These include the septal area (septal nuclei) and parts of the amygdala. |
| Unimodal Association Areas | Neocortical area that receives all or nearly all of its transcortical input from ideotypic cortex or from other unimodal areas. |
| Multimodal Association Areas | Neocortical areas that receive a mixture of sensory inputs; single neurons may respond to a least two different modalities. Multimodal areas receive input from unimodal association areas, thalamus, other multimodal areas, and paralimbic cortex. |
| Medial Magnocellular portion of the Mediodorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus (MDm) | MDm projects to the most ventralparts of the prefrontal cortex, including orbitofrontal cortex. MDm receives inputs from the hypothalamus and from limbic endbrain structures including olfactory cortex. |
| Nucleus Basalis of Meynert | This nucleus is located in the basal forebrain, anterior to the optic chiasm. It contains large cholinergic neurons that project very widely to the neocortex |
| Polysynaptic Pathways of the Hypothalamus | Pathways from the hypothalamus have widespread effects including effects on distant parts of the CNS. However, this involves very few long pathways. Instead, most are interrupted by multiple synapses. |
| Spino-hypothalamic Pathway | Axons from neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord reach the hypothalamus. The neurons respond to pain inputs. |
| Limbic Telencephalon | Endbrain structures strongly connected to hypothalamus including both cortical and subcortical structures. Cortical structures include olfactory, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortex. Subcortical structures include the amygdala and the septal nuclei. |
| Allocentric Direction | A direction in the horizontal plane specified with reference to something stationary in the external environment, like the earth’s magnetic field or a visually detected landmark. |
| Egocentric Direction | A direction specified with respect to the organism’s body or head. |
| Head Direction Cells (HD cells) | Neurons with activity that usually encodes allocentric direction. Brainstem cells encoding changes in head direction project to HD cells in the mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei and anterior lateral nucleus. |
| Precommissural Fornix | Entering the septal region, the fornix fibers have two major components. The precommissural fornix is less compact it terminates in various the septal nuclei. Others terminate more ventrally in basal forebrain structures, especially in nucleus accumbens. |
| Postcommissural Fornix | Entering the septal region, the fornix fibers have two major components. One forms a compact column near the midline that passes caudal to the anterior commissure before turning caudally into the hypothalamus. This is the post-commissural fornix. |
| Medial Pallium (in fish) | The medial pallium in fish, amphibians and reptiles is the homolog of the mammalian hippocampus. In many species, it is not dominated by olfactory input, but also has inputs from stuctures like the dorsal pallium, septal nuclei, and the thalamic region. |
| Medial Pallium (in bullfrog) | The homolog of the mammalian hippocampus, the bullfrog’s medial pallium is the thickest part of the pallium of the dorsal endbrain. It receives inputs from the adjacent dorsal pallium, the septum, olfactory regions, and the anterior thalamus. |
| Medial Pallium (in marsupials) | The hippocampal formation of marsupials is not separated dorsally from neocortical areas by a corpus callosum, but its structure is similar to what is found in other mammals. |
| Hippocampus | The hippocampus, of major importance in spatial and episodic memory formation, is located at the medial margin of the cerebral hemisphere anteriorly, dorsally and posteriorly, but the structure is tiny in mammals except in the occipito-temporal region. |
| CA1 | A portion of the hippocampus located adjacent to the subiculum. CA stands for Cornu Ammonis, or the horn of Ammon. The CA1 cells receive inputs from collaterals of CA3 axons (the Schaffer collaterals). |
| CA3 | A portion of the hippocampus located near the dentate gyrus, which forms the end of the hippocampus that is topologically farthest from the neocortex. CA3 cell dendrites receive inputs from the dentate gyrus. |
| Uncus | Meaning hook, the uncus refers to the medial bulge at the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus in humans. It includes a portion of the olfactory cortex—the periamygdaloid portion. The amygdala is covered by the cortex of the uncus. |
| Hippocampal Commissure | Fibers that interconnect the right and left hippocampi. Also called the fornix commissure. The hippocampal commissure fibers are located just below the fibers of the posterior corpus callosum. |
| Hippocampal Rudiment | In mammals, the small part of the hippocampus just above the corpus callosum at the ventral margin of the cingulate gyrus. It can be followed forward around the genu of the callosum to a point where it merges with the septal area. |
| Mossy Fibers | The mossy fibers are the small axons that extend from neurons of the dentate gyrus to the neurons of CA3 of the hippocampus. (There are also mossy fibers that carry inputs into the cerebellum.) |
| Dentate Gurus | The part of the hippocampus at the extreme caudomedial and caudal margin of the hemisphere. It is a one-cell-layer cortex that encloses the distal end of Ammon’s Horn—the CA4 region. It's major input is from axons of the perforant path. |
| Schaffer Collaterals | Axons from hippocampal CA3 neurons extend into the fimbria and have collaterals—called the Schaffer Collaterals—within the hippocampus that extend to the neurons of CA1. |
| Perforant Pathway | The path followed by axons from the entorhinal cortex into the hippocampus. These axons penetrate the pial surface of the subiculum, entering the dentate gyrus where many of them terminate. |
| Long Term Potentiation (LTP) | Enhanced amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in certain neurons after activity of specific afferent axons. The enhancement persists for at least a few minutes, usually more than an hour, and as long as many days or even weeks. |
| Long Term Depression (LTD) | When electrical stimulation of axons has particular properties different from those that cause LTP, synaptic depression may result. |
| Cortical Neuromodulation (during sleep) | During slow-wave sleep, the levels of neuromodulators ACh, NE, and 5HT decrease significantly below waking levels. Less Ach is postulated to result in a greater flow of information from hippocampus to neocortex, due to changes in presynaptic inhibition. |
| Acetylcholine Inhibition | In the midbrain reticular formation, acetylcholine inputs result in hyperpolarization (inhibition) of the neurons. Such inhibition can result from catecholamine activity. |
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