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BSC 2011
Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tissue | a group of cells with a common function, structure, or both |
| Organ | several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions |
| Taproot system (support) | one main vertical root, giving rise to lateral roots (branch roots) |
| Root hairs (absorption) | short-lived, constantly replaced, thin, tubular extension of root epidermal cells; epithelial projections (not an organ), facilitate water absorption |
| Nodes | where leaves are attached |
| Internodes | segments between nodes |
| Axillary bud | forms lateral shoot (i.e.: branch) |
| Apical bud | causes elongation of young shoot |
| Dermal | outer protective covering |
| Epidermis | a layer of tightly packed cells |
| Cuticle | a waxy coating, prevents water loss |
| Periderm | protective tissue, replaces epidermis in older regions of stems and roots |
| Vascular | long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots |
| Xylem | conduct water and mineral upwards from roots into the shoots |
| Phloem | transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed |
| Stele | collective term for vascular tissue of a root or stem (arrangement varies) |
| Ground | neither dermal nor vascular |
| Pith | internal to vascular tissue |
| Cortex | external to vascular tissue |
| Eudicot | vascular bundles forming a ring |
| Monocot | vascular bundles are scattered |
| Endodermis | inner most layer of cortex; last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals |
| Pericycle | outermost cell layer in vascular cylinder, where lateral roots grow from |
| Root cap | protects apical meristem; secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates soil |
| Zone of cell division | root apical meristem and its derivatives |
| Zone of elongation | where most of the growth occurs as root elongates |
| Zone of differentiation | where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cell types |
| Shoot apical meristem | a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip |
| Macronutrients | required in large amount |
| Micronutrients | required in small amounts |
| Apoplast | everything external to plasma membrane (cell walls, extracellular spaces, interior of dead cells) |
| Symplast | entire mass of cytosol of living cells, plasmodesmata, cytoplasmic channels |
| Apoplastic route | water and solute move along continuum formed by cell walls, extracellular spaces, dead interiors of tracheids and vessels |
| Symplastic route | water and solute move along continuum of cytosol of cells, connected by plasmodesmata |
| Transmembrane route | water and solute move out of one cell, across the cell wave, and into the neighboring cell |
| Casparian strip | a belt made of suberin (waxy substance), preventing water and minerals from entering stele through apoplastic pathway |
| Cohesion | hydrogen bonding between water molecules |
| Adhesion | hydrogen bonding between water molecules and cell walls |
| Tension | negative pressure potential |
| Transpiration | loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant |
| Sugar source | plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or by breakdown of starch |
| Sugar sink | plant organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar |
| Translocation | transport of the products of photosynthesis |
| Phloem sap | aqueous solution that flows through sieve tubes (up to 30% sucrose) |
| Alternation of generations | multicellular haploid (n) and diploid (2n) generations take turns producing each other |
| Double fertilization | union of two sperm cells with different nuclei of the female gametophyte |
| Behavioral ecology | study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior |
| Founders of modern behavioral ecology | Niko Tinbergen (1907-1998), Korad Lorenz (1903-1987), and Karl von Frisch (1886-1982) |
| Fixed action patterns | a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus; unchangeable; once initiated, usually carried to completion |
| Kinesis | a change in activity of turning rate in response to a stimulus |
| Taxis | an oriented movement toward (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus |
| Migration | a regular, long-distance change in location |
| Biological rhythm | circadian clock, circannual rhythm, or lunar cycle |
| Signal | a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another |
| Communication | transmission and reception of signals |
| Courtship | typically males generating stimulus that guides the behavior of females |
| Learning | modification of behavior based on specific experiences |
| Habituation | a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little to o new information (getting used to stimuli) |
| Imprinting | formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object (stimuli get stuck for life) |
| Sensitive period (critical period) | a limited developmental phase when certain behaviors can be learned; irreversible |
| Spatial learning | establishment of a memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure |
| Associative learning | the ability to associate one environmental feature with another |
| Classical conditioning | arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome |
| Operant conditioning | trial-and-error learning |
| Cognition | process of knowing represented by awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment. |
| Cross-fostering study | young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another specie |
| Twin study | behavior of identical twin raised apart |
| Fitness | the ability to achieve reproductive success |
| Foraging | food-obtaining behavior |
| Optimal foraging model | natural selection should favor a foraging behavior tat minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits |
| Sexual selection | a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates |
| Game theory | an approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome of a particular strategy depends on the strategies used by other individuals |
| Ecology | scientific study of interactions between organisms and environment. |
| Global ecology | biosphere |
| Landscape ecology | interactions among ecosystems |
| Ecosystem ecology | energy flow and chemical cycling |
| Community ecology | biotic interactions between species |
| Population ecology | populations and their environments |
| Organismal ecology | organisms and their environments |
| Macroclimate | global, region, local level |
| Microclimate | very fine patterns |
| Population ecology | is the study of populations in relation to their environment |
| Population | a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area |
| Population density | is the number of individuals per unit area or volume |
| Dispersion | the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population |
| Clumped | aggregated in patches, most common pattern |
| Uniform | even distributed; result in antagonistic social interactions (territoriality); not common |
| Random | position of individuals independent of others; when abiotic factors are homogenous; not common |
| Carrying capacity (K) | is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain |
| Demography | is the study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time |
| Life tables | age-specific summaries of survival pattern of a population |
| Exponential population growth | population increase under ideal conditions |
| Logistic population growth | levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity |
| Life history traits | traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival |
| Community | is a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact |
| Interspecific competition | occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival |
| Principle of competitive exclusion | even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor |
| Ecological niches | sum of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment |
| Realized niche | the resources a species does use |
| Fundamental niche | the resources a species can use |
| Resource partitioning | differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community |
| Character displacement | the tendency for characteristic to diverge more in sympatric than in allopatric populations of two species |
| Predation | refers to an interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey |
| Cryptic coloration | camouflage (blending to the background), defense against visual predators |
| Mimesis | resembling an object that is a specific feature of its environment |
| Aposematic coloration | warning coloration displaying toxic, noxious, potent chemical defense, specifically against vertebrate predators |
| Batesian mimicry | an aposematic inedible model and an edible mimic |
| Müllerian mimicry | the model and the mimic both distasteful and aposematic and benefit from coexistence |
| Species diversity | is the number and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
| Species richness | the number of different species in the community |
| Relative abundance | the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community |
| Trophic structure | different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling |
| Food chain | the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels from its source to carnivores, and to decomposers |
| Food web | interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem |
| Dominant species | the most abundance or have the highest biomass in a community (ants) |
| Keystone species | exert strong control on community structure by pivotal ecological roles or niches (urchins) |
| Ecosystem engineers | dramatically alter their physical environment on a large scale (beavers) |
| Disturbance | an event (storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing, human activity) that changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability |
| Primary succession | a type of succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed |
| Secondary succession | a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substrate intact |
| Latitudinal gradients | the increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics |
| Area effect | all other factors being equal, the large the area, the more species it has |
| Ecosystem | sum of all the organisms living within its boundaries and all the abiotic factors with which they interact |
| Primary producers | ultimately support all others within ecosystems (autotrophs, plants, algae, photosynthetic prokaryotes) |
| Primary consumers | herbivores |
| Secondary consumers | carnivores eating herbivores |
| Tertiary consumers | carnivores eating carnivores |
| Decomposers | consumers that get their energy from detritus (nonliving organic materials), detritivores (prokaryotes and fungi) |
| Primary production | is the amount of light energy converted into chemical energy by autotrophs |
| Eutrophication | cyanobacteria and algae growing rapidly in response to added nutrients, reducing oxygen concentration and clarity of water |
| Actual evapotranspiration | annual amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape |
| Secondary production | is the amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period |
| Trophic efficiency | percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next |
| Biogeochemical cycle | chemical cycle which involves both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems |
| Nutrient enrichment | use of fertilizers increases nitrogen level |
| Critical load | the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity |
| Acid precipitation | burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur (SO2) and nitrogen (NO2) that react with water in the atmosphere, forming sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) |
| Biological magnification | accumulated toxins (often in the fat) become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of food web |
| Habitat destruction | human alteration of habitat |
| Introduced species | species that humans move (intentionally or accidentally) from species’ native locations to new geographic locations |
| Overexploitation | human harvesting of wild organisms at rates exceeding the ability of populations to rebound |
| Biophilia | our sense of connection to nature and other forms of life |
| Ecosystem services | all the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life on earth |
| Biodiversity hot spots | exceptional concentration of endemic species and large numbers of endangered and threatened species |
| Zoned reserve | extensive undisturbed regions surrounded by areas that have been changed by humans and are used for economic gain |
| Biological augmentation | use of organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem |
| Tropical Forest | high precipitation, temperature, and biodiversity. equatorial and subequatorial regions. |
| Savanna | season rainfall, warm temperatures, grasses/small plants, scattered trees. equatorial and subequatorial regions. |
| Desert | low precipitation, variable temperatures, plants adapted for dry environments. bands near 30 degrees north and south |
| Chaparral | season precipitation, hot summer (cool rest of year), shrubs/small trees, high plants diversity. mid-latitude coastal regions. |
| Temperate Grassland | season precipitation, hot summer, cold winter, grasses/forbes, suitable for agriculture. temperature regions. |
| Northern Coniferous Forest | annual precipitation, long and cold winter, conifers. northern north america and eurasia. largest biome. |
| Temperature Broadleaf Forest | high precipitation, four distinct seasons (hot and humid summer). deciduous trees, vertical layers within forest. mid=latitudes in northern hemisphere, new zealand, and Australia. |
| Tundra | moderate precipitation, long and cold winter (short and chilly summer), permafrost. arctic regions |
| Lakes | standing bodies of water. nutrient content varies greatly. |
| Wetlands | inundated by water periodically. high capacity to filter nutrients/pollutants. most productive biome. |
| Streams/Rivers | have currents. great diversity of fishes and invertebrates. |
| Estuaries | transition area between river and sea. salinity varies with tide level. |
| intertidal zones | periodically submerged and exposed by tides; high diversity and biomass of marine algae. |
| oceanic pelagic zone | vast realm of open blue water. low nutrient concentration |
| coral reefs | formed from calcium carbonate. sensitive to temperatures. require high O2 levels |
| marine benthic zone | seafloor below surface waters. deep sea hydrothermal vents. |
Created by:
JacobGant
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