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Minerals and Rocks

Mineral and Rock Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Mineral A substance that forms in nature,is a solid, has a definite chemical makeup and has a crystal structure. pg. 43
Element A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical changes. An atom consists of atoms of only one type.pg. 45
Crystal A solid substance in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three dimensional pattern. pg. 46
Streak The color of a mineral powder left behind when a mineral is scraped across a surface; a method for classifying minerals. pg. 51
Luster The property of a mineral that describes the way in which light reflects from its surface. Major types of luster are metallic and nonmetallic.pg. 52
Clevage The property of a mineral that describes its tendency to break along flat surfaces. pg 53
Fracture The tendency of a mineral to break into irregular pieces. pg. 53
Density A property of matter representing the mass per unit volume. pg. 54.
Hardness The resistance of a mineral or other material to being scratched.pg. 55.
Magma Molten rock beneath Earths Surface.pg. 62.
Lava Molten rock that reaches the Earths surface through a volcano. pg. 62.
Ore A rock that contains enough of a valuable mineral to be mined for a profit. pg. 64.
Intrusive igneous rock Molten rock that cools below Earths surface.pg. 83.
Extrusive igneous rock Molten rock that forms as lava cools on Earth's system. pg. 83
Igneous rock Rock that forms as molten rock cools and becomes solid. pg. 78
Rock A naturally formed solid that is usually made up of one or more types of minerals. pg. 75
Rock Cycle The set of natural, repeating processes that form, change, break down, and reform rocks. pg. 78
Sedimentary rock Rock formed as pieces of older rocks and other loose materials get pressed or cemented together or as dissolved minerals reforms and build up in layers. pg. 78
metamorphic rock Rock formed as heat or pressure causes existing rock to change in structure, texture, or mineral composition. p. 78.
Sediment Solid materials such as rock fragments, plant, and animal remains, or minerals that are carried by water or by air and that settle on the bottom of a body of water or on the ground. pg. 89
metamorphism The process by which a rock's structure or mineral composition is changed by pressure or heat. pg. 96.
recrystallization The process by which bonds between atoms in minerals break and reform in new ways during metamorphism. pg. 97.
foliation The arrangement of minerals within rocks into flat or wavy parallel bands; a characteristic of most metamorphic rocks. pg. 100
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