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BIOL 341
Plant Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the first layer of defence that plants have? | -cuticle (waxy layer) -periderm (secondary physical layer) |
| What are the 3 major classes of secondary metabolites? | -terpenes -phenolic compounds -n containing compounds |
| How do primary and secondary metabolites differ? | -Primary metabolites are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and are found in all classes of plants. Secondary metabolites are only found in some. |
| What are the 3 ecological footprints of secondary metabolites? | -helps plants protect themselves from herbivores and infection by microbes/pathogens -attract pollinators / seed dispersal animals via taste/odor/colour -agents for plant/plant competition and plant/microbe symbioses |
| Describe the structure of terpenes. How are they made? Why are the called isoprenes ? | -made via two pathways: MEP pathway in chloroplasts and plastids from pyruvate/3-PGA; mavelonic pathway from acetyl-coA. Sometimes called isoprines because form isoprines when broken down at high temperatures. Made from 5 carbons. |
| What is the functional terpene unit? How are long terpenes formed? | The functional terpene unit is called isopentynl diphosphate (IPP). Long terpene chains are formed when IPP binds to its isomer DMAPP. |
| What is the length of sterols? carotenoids? dicholics? | Sterols are triterpenes. Carotenoids are tetraterpenes. Dicholics are long chain terpene alcohols found as sugar carriers in cell walls and in glycolipid formation. |
| Describe the pyrethoids. | pyrethoids are found in the stems and leaves of a certain species. Commonly used in insecticides due to its mild effects on mammals but strong effects on insects. |
| Describe the phytoecdynes. | -Group of terpenes that were first isolated from ferns. Used in insecticides due to its small effects on mammals. Structure is similar to insect molting hormones and so when ingested, phytoecdynes can stop molting and other developmental processes in inse |
| Describe the limonoids. | Group of non-volatile terpenes. Found in citrus fruits and acts as a herbivore deterent. It is the bitter taste found in citrus fruits. |
| Describe essential oils. | -Group of volatile monoterpenes found in many species. Found in the glandular hairs that grow off the epidermis and stored in a modified extracellylar space. |
| Describe the mammal herbivore deterent terpenes. | The mammals terpene herbivores repellents are cardenolides and saponins. Cardenolides are triterpenes that act on cardiac muscles by affecting the Na/P/ATPases. Saponins are triterpenes that are glycosides and because of their sugar/sterol structure are s |
Created by:
Amorogan
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