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Chapters 12-15
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acellular vaccine | A vaccine composed of only those fragments of bacterial cells that are best suited to stimulating a strong immune response |
| Acute infection | invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, especially that causing local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication or antigen-antibody response. |
| Aerosol | A gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles |
| Agglutination | Clotting - The clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria, usually in response to a particular antibody |
| Agranular leukocyte | any of various nearly colorless cells of the immune system that circulate mainly in the blood and lymph, comprising the B cells, T cells, macrophages, monocytes, and granulocytes. Also called leukocyte or white blood cell. |
| Anamnestic response | a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen |
| Antibiotic | A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. |
| Antibody | A Y-shaped protein on the surface of B cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or transplanted organ, neutralizes the antigen, an immunoglobulin. |
| Antigen | A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. |
| Biological vector | An organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another |
| Broad spectrum antibiotic | An antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of infectious microorganisms. |
| Calor | Heat, warmth. A result of inflammation. |
| CDC | Center for Disease Control |
| Chemotaxis | The characteristic movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus. |
| Chemotherapy | The treatment of disease using chemical agents or drugs that are selectively toxic to the causative agent of the disease, such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism. |
| Coagulase | Any of various enzymes, such as rennin or thrombin, that induce coagulation, especially of the blood |
| Competitive inhibition | Inhibition of enzyme activity in which the inhibitor (a substrate analogue) competes with the substrate for binding sites on the enzymes. |
| Complement fixation | The binding of complement to immune complexes or to certain foreign surfaces, as those of invading microorganisms |
| Diapedesis | The movement or passage of blood cells, especially white blood cells, through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue |
| Direct transmission | A transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred directly into the body via touching or biting or kissing or sexual intercourse or by droplets entering the eye or nose or mouth. |
| Dolor | Pain, associated with inflammation |
| Droplet nuclei | Droplets coughed or sneezed into the atmosphere or by aerosolization of infective material. |
| Edema | An excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue spaces or a body cavity |
| Endogenous infection | that due to reactivation of organisms present in a dormant focus, as occurs in tuberculosis, etc. |
| Endotoxin | A toxin produced by certain bacteria and released upon destruction of the bacterial cell. |
| Enterotoxin | A toxin produced by bacteria that is specific for intestinal cells and causes the vomiting and diarrhea associated with food poisoning. |
| Epidemic | Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time. |
| Epidemiology | The branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations. |
| Epitope | A localized region on the surface of an antigen that is capable of eliciting an immune response and of combining with a specific antibody to counter that response. |
| Exoenzymes | An enzyme, such as a digestive enzyme, that functions outside the cell from which it originates |
| Exotoxin | A poisonous substance secreted by a microorganism and released into the medium in which it grows. |
| Fomite | An inanimate object or substance that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another. |
| Granular leukocyte | A type of white blood cell filled with microscopic granules (tiny sacs) containing enzymes that digest microorganisms. Broad based cell. |
| Hapten | A small molecule that reacts with a specific antibody but cannot induce the formation of antibodies unless bound to a carrier protein or other large antigenic molecule. |
| Helper T cells | Thymus-dependent lymphocytes; those that pass through or are influenced by the thymus before migrating to tissues; they are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity. |
| Hemopoiesis | The formation of blood. |
| HLA | The class of major histocompatibility antigens in humans. |
| Horizontal transmission | The spread of an infectious agent from one person or group to another, usually through contact with contaminated material, such as sputum or feces. |
| Humoral | Pertaining to or derived from a body fluid. The humoral part of the immune system includes antibodies and immunoglobulins in blood serum |
| Hyaluronidase | An enzyme that catalyzes the random Hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. |
| Immunology | Study concerning the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant Infection or disorder. |
| Incidence rate | Number of new cases per population in a given time period |
| Incubation period | The amount of time between exposure to an infectious agent and becoming symptomatic. |
| Indirect transmission | A transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred to the person by a fomite of vector |
| Infection | Invasion by and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in a bodily part or tissue, which may produce subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease through a variety of cellular or toxic mechanisms. |
| Inflammation | A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. |
| Intoxication | The pathological state produced by a drug, serum, alcohol, or any toxic substance; poisoning. |
| Keritinase | A proteolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of keratin |
| Live attenuated vaccine | A version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease. |
| Local infection | An invasion of the tissues of the body by disease-producing microorganisms and the reaction of these tissues to the microorganisms and/or their toxins. The mere presence of microorganisms without reaction is not evidence of infection. |
| Lysozyme | An enzyme present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids, functioning as an antibacterial agent by catalyzing the hydrolysis of specific glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycans and chitin, breaking down some bacterial cell walls. |
| Mechanical vector | A carrier, especially an animal that transfers an infective agent from one host to another. |
| MHC (class I and II) | Major Histocompatibility Complex |
| MHC (class I and II) | Found on every nucleated cell of the body (except for red blood cells). Their function is to display fragments of proteins from within the cell to T cells; |
| MCH (class I and II) | healthy cells will be ignored while cells containing foreign proteins will be attacked by the immune system. |
| MCH (class I and II) | Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called the cytosolic or endogenous pathway.[1] |
| MIC | The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. |
| Microbial antagonist | A substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response, blocking binding of substances that could elicit such responses |
| Mixed infection | an infection by several microorganisms, as in some abscesses, pneumonia, and infections of wounds. Numerous combinations of bacteria, viruses, and fungi may be involved |
| Morbidity | The incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all diseases in a population. |
| Mortality | An expression of the number of deaths in a population at risk during one year. |
| Narrow spectrum antibiotic | Antibiotic effects a limited range of microorganisms - complete opposite of broad spectrum. |
| Natural passive immunity | Acquired by the fetus or newborn from the mother via the placental transfer of antibodies during pregnancy and via breast milk. This type of immunity is short-lived, lasting the first six months of the newborn's life. |
| Nephrotoxin | A cytotoxin specific for cells of the kidney. |
| Neutralization | The rendering ineffective of an action or substance, such as a drug. |
| Non-specific defenses | Nonspecific defenses include physical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and interferons. Physical barriers include the intact skin and mucous membranes. |
| Nosocomial infection | An infection that can be acquired in a hospital. |
| Opportunistic pathogen | An organism that exists harmlessly as part of the normal human body environment and does not become a health threat until the body's immune system fails. |
| Opsonization | The process by which bacteria are altered by opsonins so as to become more readily and more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes. |
| Pandemic | A widespread epidemic of a disease, usually crosses into more than one country/continents. |
| Pathology | Study of the changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease. |
| Penicillinase | A β-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillin |
| Plasma cells | A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. |
| Prevalence | The total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific time. |
| Probiotic | A dietary supplement containing live bacteria or yeast that supplements normal gastrointestinal flora, given especially after depletion of flora caused by infection or ingestion of an antibiotic drug. ex: yogurt |
| Prophylactic | An agent that tends to ward off disease - preventative |
| Pyrogen | A fever-producing substance |
| RES | Reticuloendothelial System - A network of cells and tissues found throughout the body. |
| RES in spleen | Dispose of disintegrated erythrocytes. They do not, however, destroy hemoglobin |
| RES in liver (called Kupffer cells) | These cells, together with the cells of the general connective tissue and bone marrow, are capable of transforming into bile pigment the hemoglobin released by disintegrated erythrocytes. |
| Reservoirs | An alternate host or passive carrier of a pathogenic organism. |
| Resident bacteria | Bacteria living in a specific part of the body. |
| Rubor | Redness - a sign of inflammation |
| Secondary infection | An infection by a microorganism that follows an initial infection by another kind of organism. |
| Selective toxicity | Selective toxicity is the ability of a chemical or drug to kill a microorganism without harming its host. |
| Septicemia | An infection that has gotten into the blood stream. "Patient has gone septic". |
| Sequelae | A morbid condition following or occurring as a consequence of another condition or event. ex: scar tissue |
| Sign | Indication of disease - observed by the physician. |
| Specific defenses | Defense against a particular antigen. Third line of defense. |
| Sporadic | Occasional, irregular intervals |
| STORCH (acronym) | Acronym for disease group comprising syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes simplex; fetal infections that can cause congenital malformations. |
| Superinfection | A new infection occurring in a patient having a preexisting infection, such as bacterial superinfection in viral respiratory disease or infection of a chronic hepatitis B carrier with hepatitis D virus. |
| Symptom | Any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition, i.e., such evidence as perceived by the patient |
| Syndrome | A set of symptoms occurring together; the sum of signs of any morbid state; a symptom complex |
| Toxemia | A condition in which the blood contains bacterial toxins disseminated from a local source of infection or metabolic toxins resulting from organ failure or other disease. |
| Toxinosis | Any disease or lesion caused by the action of a toxin |
| Transient bacteria | Bacteria that lives on the skin but can be easily removed by handwashing. |
| Tumor | Enlargement, swelling - indication of inflammation |
| Variable region | The portion of the amino terminal of an immunoglobulin's heavy and light chains having a variable amino acid sequence |
| Vector | A carrier, especially the animal (usually an arthropod) that transfers an infective agent from one host to another. |
| Vertical transmission | Passage of a pathogen from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth. Transmission might occur across the placenta, in the breast milk, or through direct contact during or after birth. |
| Zoonotic pathogen | Infectious disease that is transmitted between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals other than humans to humans or from humans to other animals. |
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