A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to permit transcription of an adjacent gene

Combinatorial control

Describes the way in which groups of proteins work together in combination to control the expression of a single gene

Process by which a cell undergoes a progressive change to a more specialized and usually easily recognized cell type

The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA. Methylation generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that block gene expression

Small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by base-pairing with specific mRNAs to regulate their stability and their translation

Positive feedback loop

Situation in which the end product of a reaction stimulates its own production

Post-transcriptional control

Regulation of gene expression that occurs after transcription of the gene has begun; examples are regulation of RNA splicing and other RNA processing events, and regulation of translation by micro RNA

Regulatory DNA sequence

DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA

Introduced gene encoding a protein whose activity is easy to monitor experimentally. It is usually joined to a regulatory sequence, which will then switch on the reporter gene in the normal context in which its own gene is usually expressed

A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene

Short sequences within some RNAs that change their conformation when specifically bound to small molecules such as metabolites and in this way regulate transcription or translation

RNA interference (RNAi)

Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing the expression of selected genes (gene slicing)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Short lengths of RNA produced from double-stranded RNA during the process of RNA interference. They base pair with identical sequences in other RNAs, leading to the inactivation or destruction of the target RNA

Transcription regulator

Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence and is involved in controlling whether a gene is switched on or off

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BI 314 Chapter 8

Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology

Term	Definition
Activator	A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to permit transcription of an adjacent gene
Combinatorial control	Describes the way in which groups of proteins work together in combination to control the expression of a single gene
Differentiation	Process by which a cell undergoes a progressive change to a more specialized and usually easily recognized cell type
DNA methylation	The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA. Methylation generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that block gene expression
microRNA (miRNA)	Small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by base-pairing with specific mRNAs to regulate their stability and their translation
Positive feedback loop	Situation in which the end product of a reaction stimulates its own production
Post-transcriptional control	Regulation of gene expression that occurs after transcription of the gene has begun; examples are regulation of RNA splicing and other RNA processing events, and regulation of translation by micro RNA
Regulatory DNA sequence	DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA
Reporter gene	Introduced gene encoding a protein whose activity is easy to monitor experimentally. It is usually joined to a regulatory sequence, which will then switch on the reporter gene in the normal context in which its own gene is usually expressed
Repressor	A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene
Riboswitch	Short sequences within some RNAs that change their conformation when specifically bound to small molecules such as metabolites and in this way regulate transcription or translation
RNA interference (RNAi)	Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing the expression of selected genes (gene slicing)
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)	Short lengths of RNA produced from double-stranded RNA during the process of RNA interference. They base pair with identical sequences in other RNAs, leading to the inactivation or destruction of the target RNA
Transcription regulator	Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence and is involved in controlling whether a gene is switched on or off

Created by: knye

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