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Condensed chap 9/10

QuestionAnswer
ETHICS MAY INFLUNECE SCIENTIFIC OUTCOME.
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS:
SELECTIVE BREEDING / LIVE STOCK THAT /GIVES GREATER YIELDS / CHEAP FOOD.
SELECTIVE BREEDING IN CATTLE :
PUTS FARMER UNDER PRESSURE.
INCREASING /PACE OF SELECTIVE BREEDING, ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI).
AI IS COLLECTION OF SEMEN INTO VAGAGAY.
SEMEN BULL - INSEMINATE HUNDRED OF COWS.
CATTLE HAVE BEEN SELECTIVELY BREED/COZ MEAT/HEREFORDS AND ABERDEEN ANGUS.
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTIC / A HIGH MUSCLE TO BONE RATIO& RAPID GROWTH & WEIGHT GAINS.
SELECTIVE BREEDING CAUSED / GENETIC DIVERSITY IN COWS / REDUCED.
LINKING TOGETHER POLYPEPTIDE + NON-PROTEIN /GIVES QUATERNARY STRUCTURE.
HAEMOGLOBINS MOLECULES: STRUCTURE:
PRIMARY STRUCTURE: CONSISTING OF FOUR POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS
SECONDARY – EACH OF THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS COILED INTO A HELIX.
TERTIARY STRUCTURE- EACH POLYPEPTIDE FOLDED INTO SHAPE. IMPORTANT ABILITY TO CARRY OXYGEN.
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE:- POLYPEPTIDES LINKED FORM/ SPHERICAL SHAPE.
EACH POLYPEPTIDE WITH A HEAM GROUP = FERROUS (FE2+) ION.
4 OXYGEN MOLECULES CAN BE CARRIED.
THE ROLE OF HAEMOGLOBIN:
OXYGEN HAEMOGLOBIN MUST / READILY ASSOCIATE / WITH OXYGEN AT THE SURFACE WHERE GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE.
READILY DISASSOCIATE / FROM OXYGEN /AT THOSE TISSUES REQUIRING IT.
HAEMOGLOBIN CHANGES AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN/CHANGING SHAPE WHEN WITH C02
IN PRESENCE OF C02 THE NEW CHANGE / BINDS MORE LOOSELY TO OXYGEN/ HAEMOGLOBIN RELEASES IT’S OXYGEN.
GAS EXCHANGE SURFACE OXYGEN CONC IS HIGH, C02 CONCENTRATION IS LOW,
AFFINITY OF HAEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN IS HIGH / OXYGEN ATTACKED.
RESPIRING TISSUES OXYGEN CONC LOW/ C02 CONCENTRATION IS HIGH/
AFFINITY OF HAEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN LOW , OXYGEN IS RELEASED.
HAEMOGLOBINS HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN/ TAKE UP OXYGEN MORE EASILY BUT RELEASED IT LESS READILY.
HAEMOGLOBINS WITH LOW AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN- TAKE UP OXYGEN LESS EASILY AND RELEASE IT MORE READILY.
ANIMAL LIVING IN ENVIRONMENT WITH LITTLE OXYGEN.
REQUIRE HAEMOGLOBIN THAT READILY COMBINES WITH OXYGEN TOO ABSORBS ENOUGH .
AN ORGANISM WITH HIGH METABOLIC RATE NEEDS/ RELEASES OXYGEN INTO TISSUE READILY.
PROVIDE THAT THERE IS PLENTIFUL OXYGEN IN ENVIRONMENT.
IT MORE IMPORTANT TO HAVE HAEMOGLOBIN THAT RELEASES OXYGEN EASILYTHAN VUVCE VERSA.
DIFFERENT HAEMOGLOBIN/ DIFF SEQUENCE OF AMINO /DIFF SHAPES'.
AFFINITY DEPENDS ON SHAPE.
LOADING AND UNLOADING OXYGEN:
HAEMOGLOBIN COMBINES WITH OXYGEN(LOADING) OR ASSOCIATING. IN LUNGS.
UNLOADING (DISSOCIATING) IN RESPIRING TISSUES.
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVES:
HAEMOGLOBIN EXPOSED TO DIFF PRESSURES OF OXYGEN.ABSORB OXYGEN UNEVENLY.
AT LOW CONC OF OXYGEN THE 4 POLYPEPTIDES OF HAEMOGLOBIN/CLOSELY UNITE
DIFFICULT TO ABSORB 1ST OXYGEN MOLECULE.
ONCE LOADED ONE CAN LOAD 3 MORE EASILY.
GRAPH = OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE.
DECREASES IN PARTIAL PRESSURE /DECREASE IN AFFNITY FOR OXYGEN.DISSOCIATE.
THE GRAPH TAILS OFF AT VERY HIGH OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS COZ –THE HAEM IS ALMOST SATURATED WITH OXYGEN.
REMEMBER THIS: FURTHER LEFT CURVE/ GREATER AFFINITY OF HAEMOGLOBIN/ FOR OXYGEN
*(IT TAKES UP OXYGEN READILY AND RELEASE IT LESS READILY).
FURTHER RIGHT CURVE/LOWER AFFINITY OF HAEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN.
(SO IT TAKES UP OXYGEN LESS READILY AND RELEASES IT MORE EASILY.)
HAEM HAS REDUCED AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN / IN PRESENCE OF C02.
THE GREATER CONCEN OF C02/ MORE READILY THE HAEM RELEASES OXYGEN (THE BOHR EFFECT).
BEHAVIOUR CHANCES AT DIFF REGIONS OF BODY.
GAS- EXCHANGE SURFACE E.G. LUNGS /C02 IS LOW /DIFFUSES ACROSS GAS EXCHANGE OUT NOSE.
AFFINITY OF HAEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN INCREASED COZ HIGH CONC OF 02 IN LUNGS ,OXYGEN LOADED.
REDUCED CO2 SHIFTS OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE TO LEFT.
IN RAPIDLY RESPIRING TISSUES / MUSCLES LEVEL OF C02 HIGH.
THE AFFINITY OF HAEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN IS LOW, LOW OZ IN MUSCLES.
THE INCREASES C02 HAS SHIFTED CURVE TO RIGHT.
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE FOR ADULT HUMAN- LOOKS LIKE CURVE SLIDE.
MEASURING OXYGEN CONCENTRATION.
GAS/ PRESSURE IT CONTRIBUTES TO THE TOTAL PRESSURE /PARTIAL PRESSURE . KPA AT 100KA.
O2 ITS PARTIAL PRESSURE IS 21KPA. 21%.
DISSOLVED C02 IS ACIDIC – LOW PH CAUSES HAEMOGLOBIN TO CHANGE SHAPE /RELEASE OXYGEN.
LOADING TRANSPORT AND UNLOADING OXYGEN:
AT THE GAS EXCHANGED SURFACE C02 IS CONSTANTLY BEING REMOVED.
PH SO RAISED DUE/ T0 LOW LEVEL OF C02.
HIGHER PH /CHANGE SHAPE OF HEAM / LOAD OXYGEN READILY.
HIGHER RATE OF RESPIRATION/ ACTIVE à MORE C02 THE TISSUES PRODUCEDà THE LOWER THE PH à
THE GREATER THE HAEMOGLOBIN SHAPE CHANGEà THE MORE READILY OXYGEN IS UNLOADEDà
HUMANS HAEM BECOME / SATURATED WITH OXYGEN /AS PASSES THROUGH LUNGS.
MOST HEAM LOADED IWTH 4 OXYGEN MOLECULES.
HEAM REACHES TISSUE WITH LOW RESPIRATORY RATE ONLY ONE 02 MOLECULE REALISED.
BLOOD RETURNING TO LUNGS HAS HAEMOGLOBIN'S /THAT IS 75% STILL SATURATED WITH OXYGEN.
IF MUSCLE (ACTIVE) à THE 3 OXYGEN MOLECULES WILL USUALLY BE UNLOADED FORM HAEMOGLOBIN.
DIFFERENT LIVES – DIFFERENT HAEMOGLOBINS:
IN WARM CAST (HAS LUNGWORM) /NOT ACTIVE/ COVERED BY SEA WATER
OXYGEN DIFFUSES INTO BLOOD FROM WATER.HAEMOGLOBIN TRANSPORTS OXYGEN TO TISSUES.
TIDE GOES OUT CAN NO LONGER GET OXYGEN.
OXYGEN CONC DECRREASES , NEED TO CONSERVE.
HAEMOGLOBIN/ IN ACTIVE TISSUE UNLOADS 75% OXYGEN.
IN RESTING TISSUE IT UNLOADS 25%.
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE FOR LUGWORM /STEEP HOOKES.
MICE SMALL S/A TO VOLUME RATIO /LOSE HEAT.
HIGH METABOLIC RATE / MAINTAIN BODY TEMP.
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE MICE /LESS STEEP SLIDE.
WINGS HAVE HIGH METABOLIC RATE / HEART PUMPS' MOSTLY TO WINGS.
Created by: ufuoma
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