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UPTAKE OF WATER BY ROOT HAIRS:
ROOTS HAIRS /ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERAL IONS.
PLANTS LOSS WATER BY TRANSPIRATION. ALL WATER MUST BE REPLACED.
EACH ROOT HAIR LONG-THIN EXTENSION OF EPIDERMAL CELL.
ROOTS HAIR FUNCTIONAL/ FOR FEW WEEKS BEFORE DYING./REPLACED.
ROOT HAIRS /A LARGE SURFACE AREAS / LONG EXTENSION OCCUR THOUSANDS.
ROOT HAIRS /THIN (CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE AND CELLULOSE CELL WALL),
ROOT HAIR ARISE FROM EPIDERMAL CELLS BEHIND TIPS OF YOUNG ROOTS.
THEY GROW IN SPACES OF SOIL PARTICLES
DAMP CONDITION/ROOOT HAIRS SURROUNDED BY/ SOIL SOLUTION
SOIL SOLUTION HAS /MINERAL/ WATER/ HIGH WP.-0.
ROOT HAIRS HAVE/ AMINO A MINERAL IONS DISSOLVED INSIDE. CELLS LOWER WP.
SO WATER MOVES VIA OSMOSIS FORM SOIL SOLUTION TO ROOT HAIR – CELLS.
AFTER BEING ABSORBED IN ROOT HAIR CELL ,WATER CONTINUES ITS JOURNEY ACROSS THE ROOT BY.
THE APOPLASTIC PATHWAYS (APOPLAST) AND THEY SYMPLASTIC PATHWAY (SYMPLAST).
THE APOPLASTIC PATHWAY:
WATER DRAWN INTO ENDOTHERMAL CELLS, PULLS WATER ALONG COHESION.
COHESION CREATS TENSION.
WHIICH DRAWS WATER ALONG CELL WALLS OF THE CELLS OF ROOT CORTEX.
MESH : CELLULOSE CELL WALLS /HAVE WATER FILLED SPACES.
SO LITTLE /NO RESISTANCE TO PULL WATER ALONG THE CELL WALLS.
COHESION -THE ABILITY OF MOLECULES (E.G. WATER MOLECULES TO STICK TO ONE ANOTHER).
THE SYMPLASTIC PATHWAY:
TAKES PLACE ACROSS CYTOPLASM/ OF CELLS OF THE CORTEX /DUE TO OSMOSIS.
WATER PASSES ALONG / TINY OPENINGS/ PLASMODESMATA.
EACH PLASMODESMA/ FILLED WITH A STRAND / OF CYTOPLASM.
SO CONTINUOUS COLUMN OF / CYTOPLASM EXTENSION/ FROM ROOT HAIR CELL TO XYLEM,
WATER MOVES ALONG COLUMN BY –
WATER ENTERING VIA OSMOSIS/ INCREASE WP/ OF ROOT HAIR CELL.
ROOT HAIR HIGHER WP/ CELL IN CORTEX LOW WP.
WATER MOVE ROOT HAIR CELL 2 FIRST CELL IN CORTEX.
DOWN WP GRADIENT. CELL IN CORTEX HIGHER WP THAN NEIGHBOURS
WATER MOVES INTO NEIGHBOURING CELL /VIA OSMOMSIS/ ALOMG WP GRAD.
WATER LOST FROM 1ST CORTX LOW WP/MORE WATER ENTER CELL /FORM ROOT.
WP GRADIENT SET UP ACROSS ALL CELLS OF CORTEX .
WHICH CARRIES ALONG THE CYTOPLASM FORM ROOT HAIR CELL TO ENDODERMIS.
PASSAGE OF WATER INTO THE XYLEM:
WHEN WATER REACHES ENDODERMAL BY THE APOPLASTIC PATHWAY ,
WATER BAND/ ON THE CASPARIAN STRIP/ IN ENDODERMAL CELLS PREVENTS IT PROGRESSING FURTHER ALONG CELL WALL. WATER FORCED INTO
JOINING WATER THAT HAS ARRIVED BY SYMPLASTIC PATHWAY.
IT TAKES PLACE/ WATER ENTER THE XYLEM/ MUST FIRST ENTER THE CYTOPLASM AND ENDODERMAL CELLS.
THIS IS WHY WATER FROM APOPLASTIC PATHWAY IS FORCED INTO CYTOPLASM OF ENDODERMAL CELLS BY CASPARIAN STRIP.
WATER IN THE APOPLAST IS FORCED INTO CYTOPLASM BY CASPARIAN STRIP .
ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF MINERAL IONS BY THE ENDODERMAL CELLS INTO XYLEM ,
MAKES LOWER WATER POTENTIAL IN XYLEM.
WATER MOVES INTO XYLEM VIA OSMOSIS ALONG WP GRADIENT.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF ION INTO XYLEM BY ENDODERMAL CELL CREATS ROOT PRESSURE.
ROOT PRESSURE :- HELPS MOVE WATER UP PLANTS.
SMALL HERBACEOUS PLANTS NEED ROOT PRESSURE.
EVIDENCE OF ROOT PRESSURE/ THE PRESSURE INCREASE/ WITH RAISE IN TEMP AND DECREASE AT LOW TEMP.
METABOLIC INHIBITIONS , CYANIDE , PREVENT /ENERGY RELEASED BY RESPIRATION.
CAUSE – ROOT PRESSURE TO DECREASE.
A DECREASE IN AVAILABILITY TO OXYGEN OR RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES/ REDUCTION IN ROOT PRESSURE.
TRANSPIRATION:
WATER UP STEM OF PLANT / EVAPORATION OF WATER LEAVES/ TRANSPIRATION / THROUGH STOMOATA.
MOVEMENT OF WATER OUT THROUGH STOMATA
HUMIDITY OF ATM/ LESS THAN / AIR SPACES NEXT TO STOMATA.
STOMATA OPEN /WATER VAPOUR/ DIFFUSE OUT /AIR SPACES INTO AIR.
WATER LOST /REPLACED BY / WATER EVAPORATING FROM CELL WALLS/ OF SURROUNDING MESOPHYLL CELLS.
CHANGE SIZE STOMATA/ PLANTS CONTROL / RATE OF TRANSPIRATION.
MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS CELL OF LEAF:
WATER LOST FROM MESOPHYLL CELLS BY /EVAPORATION FROM SURFACES TO AIR PACES OF LEAF.
REPLACED BY WATER REACHING MESOPHYLL CELLS FROM XYLEM BY APOPLASTIC OR SYMPLASTIC.
IN SYMPLASTIC PATHWAY/ WATER MOVES BECAUSE/MESOPHYLL CELLS LOSE WATER TO AIR SPACES.
THESE CELLS NOW HAVE LOWER WP/ SO WATER ENTERS VIA OSMOSIS FROM NEIGHBOUR CELLS.
LOSS OF WATER FORM NEIGHBOUR CELLS LOWERS THEIR WP.
THEY TAKE IN WATER FROM NEIGHBOURING CELLS.
PULLS WATER FORM XYLEM ACROSS LEAF MESOPHYLL/INTO ATMOSPHERE.
MOVEMENT OF WATER UP IN THE XYLEM:
2 MAIN REASON FOR MOVEMENT OF WATER UP XYLEM ROOTS 2 LEAFS.
COHESION-TENSION AND ROOT PRESSURE.
COHESION TENSION THEORY:
WATER EVAPORATES FORM LEAVES /TRANSPIRATION.
WATER FORM HYDROGEN BONDS / STICK TOGETHER(COHESION)
WATER PATHWAYS ACROSS MESOPHYLL CELLS AND DOWN XYLEM.
WATER EVAPORATES FROM MESOPHYLL CELLS IN LEAF INTO / AIR SPACES BENEATH STOMATA,
MORE MOLES OF WATER ARE DRAWN UP BEHIND – DUE TO COHESION.
WATER IS PULLED UP XYLEM – TRANSPIRATION. CALLED TRANSPIRATION PULL.
TRANSPIRATION PULL/ PUTS XYLEM /UNDER TENSION /NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN XYLEM
HENCE NAME COHESION THEORY.
EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORT COHESION THEORY:
CHANGE IN DIAMETER OF TREE TRUNKS.
IN DAY TRANSPIRATION AT GREATEST/ MORE TENSION/ (MORE NEGATIVE PRESSURE).
IN THE XYLEM THIS CAUSES/ TRUNK TO SHRINK IN DIAMETER.
NIGHT TRANSPIRATION LOWEST/ NO TENSION/ IN XYLEM SO DIAMETER OF TRUNK INCREASES.
IF XYLEM VESSEL BROKEN AIR ENTERS IT , TREE CANNOT DRAW UP WATER.
COZ CONTINUOUS COLUMN OF WATER IS BROKEN/CAN’T STICK.
WHEN XYLEM VESSEL BROKEN/ WATER DOES LEAK OUT/ (IT WOULD IF UNDER PRESSURE).
INSTEAD AIR DRAWN IN – KEEPS UNDER TENSION.
TRANSPIRATION PULL PASSIVE NO ENERGY REQUIRE.
XYLEM VESSEL DEAD CANNOT MOVE WATER. –
COZ DEAD END WALLS CAN BREAK DOWN-
XYLEM FORMS SERIES OF CONTINUOUS UNBROKEN TUBES FROM ROOT TO LEAVES
– ESSENTIAL FOR COHESION – TENSION THEORY FOR WATER UP STEM.
ENERGY NEED FOR TRANSPIRATION - HEAT ENERGY FORM SUN.
CASPARIAN STRIP PREVENT WATER ACROSS CELL WALL.
ROLE OF TRANSPIRATION:
TRANSPIRATION DUE TO LEAVES ADAPTED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
LEAVE HAVE LARGE SURFACE AREA TO ABSORB LIGHT AND STOMATA /DIFFUSION OF C02.
TRANSPIRATION HELPS/ BRING WATER TO LEAVES BUT / NOT ESSENTIAL COZ / OSMOSIS.
. MINERAL IONS SUGAR HORMONES ' / MOVED AROUND PLANTS DISSOLVED IN H20.
THIS WATER CARRIES UP PLANT BY TRANSPIRATION PULL.
WITHOUT TRANSPIRATION - WATER WOULD BE PLENTIFUL / TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL SLOWER.
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION:
LIGHT: STOMATA- OPENING C02 DIFFUSE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS ONLY IN LIGHT.
STOMATA ON SOME PLANTS OPEN IN LIGHT CLOSE IN DARK.
STOMATA OPEN /WATER MOVES OUT /OF LEAF INTO ATM .
INCREASE IN LIGHT INTENSITY CAUSES/ INCREASE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION.
TEMPERATURE: HOW MUCH WATER AIR CAN HOLD .I.E. WP OF AIR
AND SPEED AT WHICH WATER MOLECULE MOVE.
RISE IN TEMP:/ INCREASE KINETIC ENERGY/ SPEED OF WATER MOLECULES
INCREASE EVAPORATION WATER/RATE OF TRANSPIRATION INCREASED.
DECREASED WP OF AIR / HOLD I.E. DECREASES ITS WATER POTENTIAL.
REDUCTION OF TEMP – DECREASES TRANSPIRATION.
HUMIDITY: - MEASURE OF NUMBER OF MOLECULE IN AIR.-
AIR OUTSIDE LEAF HAS HIGH HUMIDITY / GRADIENT REDUCED/RATE OF TRANSPIRATION LOWER.
LOW HUMIDITY /INCREASES TRANSPIRATION RATE.
AIR MOVEMENT: WATER DIFFUSES THROUGH STOMATA / MAKES VAPOUR AROUND STOMATA.
THE WP IS INCREASED.
TRANSPIRATION REDUCED.
MOVEMENT OF AIR AROUND LEAF / DECREASE WP OF AIR.
INCREASING WP GRADIENT/ TRANSPIRATION.
FASTER AIR MOVEMENT/MORE RAPID HUMID AIR REMOVED MORE TRANSPIRATION.
THE GREATER THE WP BEWTWEN OUTSIDE AND INSIDE OF LEAF THE FASTER WATER MOVE OUT – GREATER TRANSPIRATION. IF INCREASES GRADIENT
WHY SUN DRIVE TRANSPRIRATION : INFLUENCES HUMIDITY,LIGHT,AIR MOVEMENT ,TEMP.
CHANGES TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT –AFFECTS TRANSPIRATION.
MEASURE WATER UPTAKE USING POTOMETER:
DIFFICULT TO MEASURE TRANSPIRATION COZ DIFF TO CONDENSE AND COLLECT ALL WATER VAPOUR.
CAN MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF WATER TAKEN UP IN GIVEN TIME – BY PART OF PLANT.
UPTAKE RATE= TRANSPIRATION RATE.
MEASURE WATER UPTAKE IN DIFF CONDITIONS VARIOUS HUMIDITY'S ETC.
EXPERIMENT REPEATED ,COMPARE RATES OF WATER UPTAKE DIFF CONDITION/SPECIES.
PLANT LAGER SURFACE AREA FOR CAPTURE OF LIGHT AND EXCHANGE OF GASES.
XEROPHYTIC PLANTS : -
PLANTS OBTAIN WATER FROM SOIL.
SO WAXY CUTICLE (COVERING) AND ABILITY TO CLOSE STOMATA IS SUFFICIENT FOR SURVIVAL.
PLANTS /LITTLE WATER/ ADAPTATIONS TO LIMIT WATER LOSS BY TRANSPIRATION. CALLED XEROPHYTES.
WITHOUT ADAPTATION – WOULD DIE.
HAVE ADAPTATION TO STORE WATER.
REDUCE TRANSPIRATION BY INCREASING WATER UPTAKE.
WATER LOST IN TRANSPIRATION FORM LEAVES.
THICKER THE CUTICLE THE LESS WATER CAN ESCAPE.
– ESPEC DURING WINTER – WHEN SOIL FROZEN. – WATER DIFFICULT TO ABSORB.
ROLLING OF LEAF HELP PROTECT EPIDERMIS FROM OUTSIDE HELPS TRAP REGION OF STILL AIR IN ROLLED LEAF.-
THIS REGION BECOMES SATURATED IN WATER VAPOUR.
SO NO WP GRADIENT BETWEEN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF LEAF. TRANSPIRATION REDUCED.
MARRAM GRASS ROLL LEAVES IN HOT OR WINDY CONDITIONS.
THICK LAYER OF HAIR ON LEAVE ESPECIALLY ON LOWER EPIDERMIS
TRAPS MOIST AIR NEXT TO LEAF SURFACE.
WP GRADIENT BETWEEN IN AND OUTSIDE OF LEAF REDUCED – LESS TRANSPIRATION.
HEATHER PLANT /STOMATA IN PITS OR GROOVES: TRAP MOIST AIR NEXT TO LEAFS REDUCING.THE WP GRADIENT.
SMALLER SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO – DECREASED DIFFUSION. PINE NEEDLES.
BUT MUST BALANCE WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS RAINFALL AND RATE OF TRANSPIRATION.
AS REGIONS DRIER NUMBER OF XEROPHYTIC PLANTS INCREASES.
REDUCING WP GRADIENT/ REDUCES RATE OF EVAPORATION/ REDUCING TRANSPIRATION.
Created by: ufuoma
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