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LEAF ADAPTATION , THIN , SMALL PORES , STOMATA, MOSTLY IN LOWER EPIDERMIS .
NUMEROUS INTERCONNECTING AIR SPACES THAT OCCUR THROUGHOUT THE MESOPHYLL.
STOMATA ARE MINUTE PORES /THE UNDERSIDE.
EACH STOMA SURROUNDED BY / GUARD CELLS.
GUARD CELLS / OPEN CLOSE THE STOMATAL PORE/ CONTROL RATE OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE.
TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS LOSE WATER BY/ EVAPORATION. PLANTS MUST BALANCE
BALANCE BY COMPLETELY OR PARTIAL CLOSING/ STOMATA AT TIMES OF WATER LOSS.
STOMATA OPEN REVEAL/ A STOMATAL APERTURE.
DIFFUSION IS EFFICIENT / TRANSPORT ACROSS SMALL DISTANCES.
CELLS TO EXCHANGE SURFACES-/ EXCHANGE SURFACES TO CELLS /EXCHANGE SURFACES TO ENVIRONMENT.
THE LOWER SURFACE AREAS TO VOLUME RATIO, / AND MORE ACTIVE ANIMAL IS THE GREATER/
THE NEED FOR SPECIALISED TRANSPORT SYSTEM WITH A PUMP.
CLOSED SYSTEM OF TUBULAR VESSELS/ CONTAINS TRANSPORT MEDIUM & BRANCHING NETWORK.
WAY FOR MOVING TRNASPORT MEDIUM / BLOOD IN VESSELS/REQUIRES A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE.
BETWEEN ONE PART OF THE SYSTEM AND ANOTHER.
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE IN ANIMALS / MUSCLES & PUMPING ORGAN.
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES PLANTS EVAPORATION OF WATER.
MASS FLOW MOVEMENT / ONE DIRECTION E.G./. VALVES.
CONTROL FLOW OF BLOOD SUIT ENVIROMENT.
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN MAMMALS:
HEART CIRCULATES BLOOD.
MAMMALS HAVE A DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
BLOOD PRESSURE REDUCED IN LUNGS.
IF PASS IMMEDIATELY TO BODY / CIRCULATION SLOW.
HEART BOOST PRESSURE BEFORE CIRCULATION.
SUBSTANCES TO BODD FAST / GOOD COZ HIGH METABOLIC RATE .
TISSUE HEART LUNGS – LUNGS HEART TISSUE.
THE 3 MAIN VESSEL MAKE UP / CIRCULATORY SYSTEM : ARTERIES , VEINS AND CAPILLARIES.
A TRANSPORT SYSTEM FINAL INTO CELLS/ DIFFUSION.
FINAL EXCHANGE BLOOD VESSELS INTO THE CELLS IS FAST.
COZ A LARGE SURFACE AREA, SHORT DIFFUSION PATHWAY AND A STEEP CON GRAD.
ALL CELL SHORT DIFFUSION PATHWAY.
ARTERIES – CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART AND INTO ARTERIOLES.
ARTERIOLES ARE/ SMALLER ARTERIES / CONTROL BLOOD FLOW FROM ARTERIES TO CAPILLARIES.
CAPILLARIES/ TINY VESSELS / LINK ARTERIOLES TO VEINS.
VEINS – CARRY BLOOD FORM CAPILLARIES BACK TO HEART.
ARTERIES ARTERIOLES VEINS / LAYER TOUGH OUTER LAYER
RESIST PRESSURE CHANGES / CONTACT / SO CONTROL FLOW OF BLOOD.
ELASTIC LAYER HELPS/ MAINTAIN BLOOD PRESSURE /BY STRETCHING AND SPRINGING BACK.
(ENDOTHELIUM) SMOOTH / PREVENT FICTION / THIN SHORT DIFFUSION PATHWAY.
LUMEN / CENTRAL CAVITY OF THE BLOOD VESSEL.
ARTERERIOLES /SMALLER IN DIAMETER / LARGER MUSCLE LAYER AND LUMEN.
ARTERY STRUCTURE RELATED TO FUNCTION :
THE FUNCTION ARTERIES /TRANSPORTB LOOD FAST/UNDER HIGH PRESSURE FROM HEART TO TISSUES.
MUSCLE LAYER IS THICK COMPARED TO VEINS.
SMALLER ARTERIES /CONSTRICTED/ DILATED /TO CONTROL THE VOLUME OF BLOOD PASSING.
ELASTIC LAYER THICKER THAN VEINS SO/ BP ON ARTERIES KEPT HIGH/ BLOOD REACH EXTREMITIES.
THE ELASTIC WALL IS STRETCHED AT HEARTBEAT.
RECOILS WHEN HEART RELAXES (DIASTOLE).
STRETCHING ,RECOILING / HELPS MAINTAIN SMOOTH PRESSURE.
VERY THICK WALL RESIST VESSEL BURSTING UNDER PRESSURE.
ONLY !!/ VALVES IN ARTERIES LEAVING HEART.
NO VALVES /COZ BLOOD UNDER CONSTANT HIGH PRESSURE /DOESN’T TEND TO FLOW BACK.
ARTERIOLE STRUCTURE RELATED TO FUNCTION :
ARTERIOLE BLOOD /UNDER LOWER PRESSURE THAN ARTERIES .
THE MUSCLE LAYER IS THICKER THAN ARTERIES
CONTRACTION OF THIS MUSCLE /ALLOWS CONTRACTION OF LUMEN OF ARTERIOLE.
RESTRICT FLOW OF BLOOD/ CONTROLS MOVEMENT TO CAPILLARIES.
ELASTIC LAYER THINNER THAN ARTERIES / COZ BP LOWER.
VEIN STRUCTURE RELATED TO FUNCTION :
VEINS TRANSPORT BLOOD SLOWLY / UNDER LOW PRESSURE.
FROM TISSUES TO THE HEART.
THE MUSCLES LAYER IS THINNER THAN ARTERIES.
VEIN CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM TISSUES.
THUS CONSTRICTION & DILATION CAN’T CONTROL FLOW OF BLOOD TO TISSUES.
THE ELASTIC LAYER IS THINNER THAN ARTERIES.
LOW PRESSURE OF BLOOD WITHIN VEINS/ WON'T BURST.
PRESSURE TOO LOW TO CREATE RECOIL ACTION.
WALL THICKNESS SMALL / NO NEED FOR THICK WALL PRESSURE IN VEINS LOW TO BURST.
THIN THICKNESS FLATTEN EASILY / HELPING BLOOD.
VEIN VALVES ENSURE NO BACKFLOW./ ONE DIRECTION.
BLOOD FLOWING AWAY FROM HEART/ PUSHES VALVE CLOSED/PREVENT OTHER DIRECTION.
BLOOD FLOW IN CAPILLARIES / SLOWER/ ALLOW MORE TIME FOR THE EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS TO FAR CELLS.
CAPILLARY WALLS ONLY/LINING LAYER/ THIN /SHORT–FOR DIFFUSION PATHWAY.
NUMEROUS/HIGHLY BRANCH/ LARGE SURFACE AREA/ NARROW DIAMETER.
NO CELL FAR FROM CAPILARY.
NARROW LUMEN / RED BLOOD CELLS ARE SQUEEZED FLAT AGAINST SIDE.
THIS BRING THEM CLOSER TO CELL / REDUCED DIFFUSION GRADIENT.
SPACES BETWEEN LINING ENDOTHELIAL.
ALLOW WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO ESCAPE & DEAL WITH INFECTIONS.
CAPILLARIES CAN’T SERVE EVERY CELL/ FINAL JOURNEY TISSUE FLUID.
TISSUE FLUID AND ITS FORMATION:
TISSUE FLUID SUPLIES- WATERY FLUID WITH GLUCOSE, AMINO A FATTY A SALTS AND OXYGEN.
RECEIVES C02 & OTHER WASTE MATERIAL FROM TISSUE.
TISSUE FLUID BATHES ALL CELLS/ ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS.
TISSUE FLUID IS FORMED FROM BLOOD PLASMA.
IS CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS.
TISSUE FLUIDS PROVIDES / CONSTANT ENVIRONMENT CELLS/HOMEOSTATIC.
FORMATION OF TISSUE FLUID:
BLOOD PUMPED 10 ARTERIES , ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES.
MAKES HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AT CAPILLARIES.
HYDRO PRESSURE FORCES TISSUE FLUID OUT OF BLOOD PLASMA.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF TISSUE FLUID OUTSIDE CAPILLARIES/ PREVENTS OUTWARD MOVEMENT OF LIQUID.
LOW WP = PLASMA PROTEINS , THAT PULLS WATER BACK INTO BLOOD IN CAPILLARIES.
COMBINED EFFECT 2 FORCES/ CREATES PRESSURE /PUSHES TISSUES FLUID OUT OF CAPILLARIES.
PRESSURE ENOUGH TO/ FORCE SMALL MOLECULES /OUT OF CAPILLARIES/ LEAVIN CELLS AND PROTEIN IN BLOOD.
THIS TYPE OF FILTRATION UNDER PRESSURE IS CALLED ULTRAFILTRATION.
RETURN OF TISSUE FLUID TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ONCE EXCHANGED METABOLIC MATERIAL.
FLUID RETURN TO BLOOD PLASMA VIA CAPILLARIES.
LOSS OF FLUID /FROM CAPILLARIES /REDUCES HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
LOW HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INN CAPILARIES. LOW WP IN CAPILARIES. OSMOSIS.
TISSUE LOSES O2 AND NUTRIENTS TO CELL IT BATHES GAINS C02. &WASTE MATERIALS.
NO ALL TIS FLUID RETUREND TO CAP REMAINDER CARRIED BACK VIA LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.-
LYMTHATIC SYSTEM –STYSTEM OF VESSELS IN TISSUE. LARGER VESSELS THAT NETWORK AROUND BODY.
THE LARGE VESSEL DRAIN CONTENTS BACK INTO BLOODSTREAM VIA DUCTS THAT JOIN VEINS CLOSE TO HEART.
CONTENTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ARE MOVED BY : 1/HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF THE TISSUE FLUIDS /LEFT CAPILLARIES.
2.CONTRACTION OF BODY MUSCLE - WHO SQUEEZE THE LYMPH VESSEL.
VALVES LYMPH VESSEL ENSURE FLUID MOVES AWAY FROM TISSUE TOWARDS HEART.
PLANTS HAVE WATER LAYER + CONSERVE WATER.
SO ROOT HAIRS (EXCHANGE SURFACE).
DICOTYLEDONOUS ROOT.
Created by: ufuoma
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