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Microbiology 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| rna viruses include | poliovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus and echoviruses, influenza virus, resp syncytial virus, mumps, measles, rubella, rhabdovirus, arbovirus, rotavirus, norovirus and hiv/aids |
| poliovirus causes | poliomyelitis |
| rhinovirus causes the | common cold |
| rubella causes | german measels |
| rhabdovirus causes | rabies |
| poliovirus is a...virus | ss rna containing naked |
| there are...of poliovirus and...are the only host | three serotypes..humans |
| route of infection for poliovirus | alimentary canal, rep in the gi tract, lymph, blood, cns |
| poliovirus spreads | fecal orally |
| symptoms of polio include | fever, malaise, sore throat, muscle pain and stiffness, and then paralysis |
| paralysis happens w/ polio patients about...in about... | 1-2 days after muscle pain/stiffness...1% of cases |
| clinical disease of polio is...and it happens if.. | paralysis...spinal cord gets infected |
| if the spinal cord gets infected, it may lead to...in... | paralysis of legs or arms...1/70 adults and 1/200 children |
| ...is often seen with paralysis polio patients | partial recovery |
| if part of the spinal column that enervates the...gets infected, then... | llungs...lung paralysis can happen and require an iron lung |
| treatment for polio: there is...except for... | no treatment...physica therapy to recover function |
| prevention of polio is with...which are... | the two types of vaccine...salk and savin |
| the salk vaccine is..and used in the... | injected...usa |
| salk vaccine is a...and protects against... | killed vaccine...all 3 serotypes |
| salk vaccine protects from...but does not.. | .disease...prevent the spread |
| salk vaccine needs...at...plus a... | 3 shots...2-18 months...booster at 4-6 years old |
| sabin vaccine is an...which is used... | oral vaccine..worldwide |
| sabin vaccine is a...which protects against... | live attenuated vaccine...all 3 serotypes |
| sabin vaccine protects from both | disease and spread of disease |
| ssabin vaccine usually provides | life long immunity |
| sabin vaccine has one disadvantage | one serotype may revert to wild type virulent polio in one and a million vaccinations |
| post polio syndrom is similar to | arthritis |
| pps is a condition that affects...around... | polio survivors...10 to 40 years after recovery from an initial paralytic attack of polio |
| pps is characterized by a...that were previously.. | further weakining of muscles..affected by theh polio infection |
| some patients with pps may experience only | minor symptoms while others develop spinal muscular atrophy |
| symptoms of pps include | fatigue, slowly progressive muscle weakness/atrophy, difficulty swallowing/breathing, joint pain/increasing skeletal deformities such as scoliosis, gradual decline in the ability to carry out activities of daily living |
| about...people across the us still use the... | 60...nearly extinct iron lung |
| more than..polio survivors who suffer from... | 300,000..pps |
| pps affects...of the estimaed... | one in four....1.5 million americans |
| rhinovirus are...that cause.. | ss rna containing, naked viruses...common cold |
| rhin in greek is | nose |
| there are about..serotypes of rhinovirus that cause... | 140...30-50% of the upper respiratory tract infections |
| rhinoviruses usually cause | 3-5 infections/year/person |
| rhinoviruses are transmitted by...such as.. | personal contact..sneezing, shaking hands, eating a sandwich |
| incubation time for rhinovirus is | 2-3 days |
| symptoms of common cold are | cough, inflammation, sore throat, headache, no fever usually |
| treatment for rhinoviruses is just like with any other...there are... | common cold virus...no treatments that can kill a rhinovirus |
| rhinovirus treatment involves | relieving symptoms as the body figvhts the rhinovirus infection |
| there is no...for rhinoviruses becauseof the.. | vaccine...mildness of the disease and the large number of serotypes involved |
| suggestions for rhinovirus prevention include | washing hands, keeping hands away from nose, moutheyes, limit exposure to infected people, healthy habits, using disinfectants |
| enteroviruses are from a family of...that live in the... | non-enveloped small rna viruses (naked)...human digestive tract |
| enteroviruses are the...in humans | second most common viral infectious agent |
| ordinarily, enterovirus family members are transmitted | fecal orally |
| enterovirus family members include | coxackiviruses, polioviruses, echoviruses, hepatitis a virus |
| coxsackieviruses are named after...and there are two types that include... | a town in NY...a and b |
| coxsackievirus a has..and b has... | 23 serotypes...6 serotypes |
| echovirus has...and are.. | 31 serotypes...highly infectiou |
| primary target of echovirus is | children |
| echoviruses are among the...in... | leading causes of acute febrile illness..infants and young children |
| echoviruses are the most common cause of | aseptic meningitis |
| aseptic meningitis means you wont see | many neutrophils |
| group a coxsackieviruses generally tend to | infect the skin and mucous membranes |
| group a coxsackieviruses cause | herpangina, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfm) |
| herpangina is an... associated with... | acute febrile illness...small vesicular or ulcerative lesions on the posterior oropharyngeal structures |
| acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) involves...and onset of... | conjunctival congestion, vascular dilation...edema, a prominent hemorrhagic component |
| the prominent hemorrhagic component of ahc is | characteristic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis |
| handfootandmouth disease is an...that presents as a... | acute illness...vesicular lesions in the mouth and also the hands, feet, butt, genitalia |
| lesions in the mouth are | herpangina |
| group b coxsackieviruses generally tend to infect | the heart, pleura |
| group b coxsackie causes | pleurodynia |
| pleurodynia features...with.. | fever and intense abdominal and chest pains...headache |
| the chest pain w/ pleurodynia is typically...like.. | worsened by breathing or coughing..pleurisy |
| pleurodynia lasts..and is... | 4-7 days...self limiting |
| both group a and b coxsackieviruses cause | aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, pericarditis |
| myocarditis and pericarditis: older children and adults ...but.. | recover...it can be fatal in neonates |
| the development of...has recently been associated with recent...particularly... | insulin dependent diabetes...enteroviral infection..coxsackievirus b infection |
| treatment of coxsackievirus infections: there | are no drugs for treatment and there are no vaccines |
| you just..for.. | provide supportive care and bed rest for coxsackievirus patients |
| influenza virus is... | helical, ss rna containing (8 segments), enveloped virus |
| flu virus has..which are.. | three serotypes..a,b,c |
| serotype a flue is associated with | pandemics |
| serotype b causes | local epidemics |
| serotype c rarely causes | disease in humans |
| transmission of flu virus is to the..by.. | urt..coughing and sneezing |
| flu virus survives better in | cold dry air |
| incubation period for flu virus is | 1-2 days |
| symptoms of flu include | fever, cough, headache, muscular aches, sore throat, retro-orbital pain |
| flu virus envelope contains...that are important in... | 2 envelope proteins (ha and na)...pathogenicity of the virus |
| ha stands for..and it... | hemagglutinatinin...attaches to the ciliated epithelial cells and kills them |
| na stands for...and it... | neuraminidase...destroys the mucous layer in the throat |
| flu virus infection results in | a decreased pmn activity |
| resp tract defense is usually...therefore....with flu virus | knocked out...secondary bacterial infections such as pneumonia are quite common especially by strep pneumoniae and staph aureus |
| elderly patients with...are especially susceptible to... | decreased cardio-pulmonary function...flu virus and post flu pneumonia |
| ....are important for future protection against flu infection and is specific for... | antibodies...defined epitopes on HA and NA proteins |
| once you get over the flu, you should...however... | have a life-long immunity...you don't because the flu virus goes through antigenic variation |
| antigenic variation means that the | h and n antigens continually change especially in influenza a serotype which causes pandemics |
| the ha and na of influenza a virus can undergo..whcih include... | 2 types of antigenic changes...minor changes and major changes |
| minor changes cause...through.. | mutation...drifting |
| major changes cause..through... | reassortment...shifting |
| shifting involves...to ensure the... | antigenic changes...presence of immunologically naive susceptible people |
| influenza b virus undergoes | only minor antigenic changes |
| antigenic drifts cause...which results in... | mutation in HA...minor changes in antigenicity |
| antigenic drifts occur in..resulting in the... | flu a and b...local epidemic of flu |
| antigenic shifts involve...in.. | reassortment of genomic fragments..flu a only |
| antigenic shifts result in | major antigenic change in viral HA nd NA resulting in pandemics of flu |
| pigs were infected with a...and another set of... | duck flu virus...pigs with the human influenza virus |
| at some time, a pig underwent | mixed infection with both viruses |
| the resulting virus created by...could be transmitted... | reassortment of the viral gene segments...to and infect humans |
| the most severe serotype of flu is...and it is the only that has an.. | a...animal reservoir |
| serotype a causes..b...c... | pandemics..epidemics..sporadic |
| a does..b...c... | shift/drift, drift, drift |
| treatment for flu is with | amantadine, relenza or tamiflu |
| amantadine does what | inhibits uncoating of the virus |
| relenza is a | nasally inhaled neuraminidase inhibitor |
| tamiflu is an | oral neuramindase inhibitor |
| prevention of flu is with | a killed vaccine or a live attenuated one |
| the killed flu vaccine is available, but it is only about...so the immunity is.. | 70% effective...short lived (1 year) |
| live attenuated flu vaccine is called...and it is a... | flumist...nasal sprayfor 2 mo-49 year old healthy individuals |
| flumist was approved in...and you want to... | 2003....immunize all 6 mo-8yr and high-risk olderindividuals |
| a bird flu (...) vaccine was approved in..and is... | h5n1...2007...45% effective |
| the swin flu vaccine was... | fda approved in 2009 |
| complications of flu vaccine include | guillain-barre syndrome, reyes syndrome |
| guillain barre syndrom is a...that occurs within... | self-limited paralysis..8 weeks after vaccination in 10 in 1 million vaccinated people |
| guillain barre syndrom destroys...thus disabling... | the protectice covering of the peripheralnerves (myelin sheath)...the nerves from transmitting signals to the muscles |
| roughly...of guillain barre patients have.. | 5-10%...residual weakness and about 5% die |
| reyes syndrome is associated with...by... | aspiring consumption...children with viral diseases such as influenzaand chickenpox |
| reyes syndrome is...but.. | rare..deadly illness that can affect the liver and brain |
| reyes syndrome is associated with...and if untreated, it results in... | vomitting, lethargy and delirium...coma and death in 40% of patients |
| reyes syndrom can also cause | brain damage in some survivors |
| despire the complications, vaccines... | save lives |
| resp syncytial virus (rsv) is a...that is.. | gian cell forming virus...ssrna, enveloped |
| there are...with rsv | three serotypes |
| rsv is the...among... | leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia..infants and children under 1 yearold |
| most children w/ rsv will ...in.. | recover...8-15 days |
| rsv kills...and hospitalizes.. | 14000/year...180,000/year |
| rsv costs | 1 bil $/year |
| rsv causes | coryza, croup, bronchitis/bronchiolitis and pneumonia |
| coryza is also called the..and involves.. | common cold...sneezing, watery eyes |
| croup involves... | inflammation and narrowing of the larynx and trachea (laryngotracheitis) |
| croup involves the...beocming...and there are... | mucosa lining of the airway...inflammed..increased secretions |
| croup causes a | course cough |
| although croup is...it occasionally causes.. | mild..severe breathing problems that may n eed emergency treatment |
| bronchitis and bronchiolitis is in about | 50% of infants |
| pneumonia is in... | about 25% of children |
| treatment of resp synctial virus is with..and is effective in.. | virazole brand of ribavirin...lessening the severity of the disease |
| ribavirin is administered by | aerosol |
| immunity for rsv is...but it is not... | type-specific...for life |
| it is common to get...but it is... | reinfection w/ rsv...milder |
| ..plays an important role in the transmission of rsv, as well as... | hospital sstaff...self infection |
| ...are currently being tested | attenuated vaccines for rsv |
| mumps virus is...and there is only... | ss rna containing, enveloped virus...one serotype |
| the host for mumps is only | humans |
| route for mumps | urt, blood, salivary glands (parotid) |
| incubation time for mumps | 2-3 weeks |
| mumps causes | fever, headache, sore throat, loss of energy |
| mumps involves...which makes.. | swelling of salivary glands..chewing painful |
| mumps is a..and infants are... | bening disease...rarely affected bec of the protective effet of the maternal antibodies although several complications can arise in older children and adults |
| complications of mumps include | deafness, pancreatitis +/- diabetes, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis |
| orchitis is an infection of the...and can lead to.. | testes in males...sterility only if both sides get infected |
| orchitis can affect..but.. | female ovaries...but there is no threat of sterility |
| an excellent...is available for mumps which is... | live attenuated vaccine..99% effective (mmr) |
| mumps vaccine is considered...unfortunately.. | safest vaccine..only 31 states require proof of mumps immunization before entry into school |
| bec not everyone gets immunized w/ mmr, the number of... | mumps cases is increasing |
| immunity for mumps is | life long |
| measles (,...) is a...virus | rubeola...ss rna containing, enveloped |
| there is only | one serotype of measles and man is the host |
| transmission of measles is via..and the route is.. | coughing...virus, urt, blood, skin |
| incubation time for measles is | 7-10 days (7 day measles) |
| symptoms of measles include | fever headache cough runny nose phtophobia conjunctivitis and rash |
| the rash w/ measles first appears on the...and goes down to the.. | face...body andn out to extremities |
| a day or so befoer the rash is visible, ...appear on the inside of the... | small red spots...cheek in almost all patients |
| the lesions associated with the rash of measles are called..and are important in... | kopliks spots...the diagnosis of measles |
| measles is one of the...and in... | most communicable disease in humans...unimmunized populations almost every child will get measles early in life (6 mo - 2 yrs) |
| usually there is no..associated w/ measles, and a... | scarring..complete recovery is normal but sometimes there are complications |
| complications of measles include...getting a.. | 10%..secondary bacterial infection such as pneumonia |
| another complicaton of measles is...which occurs in...and... | encephalitis...1 of every 1000 cases..20-40% die, 25% have brain damage and can be a serious problem |
| a rare sequela of measles infection is | subacute sclerosingpanencephalitis |
| subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is | 100% fatal |
| there is an...availble for measles..that is.. | live attenuated vaccine..99% effectve |
| measles vaccine provides | lifelong immunity |
| measles vaccine should not be given to | infants before their first bday |
| its best to give measles vaccine at | 15 months |
| pregnant women | should not be vaccinated w/ measles |
| rubella virus is a..virus | ss rna , enveloped virus |
| ther eis only...and.. | one serotype w/ rubella...humans are the only host |
| route for rubella | virus, urt, blood, skin, rash |
| diseases bec of rubella include | 3 day measles/german measles, congenital rubella infection |
| 3 day measles or german measles have an incubation period of | 7-14 days |
| the rash w/ german measles lasts | 3 days and involves a mild fever |
| german measles are...but.. | self limiting...arthritis is commonly seen in young women |
| congenital rubella is an infection o f the...because.. | fetus from infected preg mom...rubella virus can cross the placental barrier |
| congenital rubellainfection in first trimester means that... | 30% of fetuses will be stillborn, aborted or deformed at birth |
| rubellainfection at second trimester involves..but survivors can have.. | 15% death..cataracts, glaucoma, heart defects, deafness, encephalitis and underdevloped organs/tissues |
| there is no | treatment for rubella |
| if rubella infection occurs in..then.. | first trimester..therapeutic abortion is recommonded |
| ther eis a | good, live attenuated vaccine for rubella that is life long |
| pregnant women should...bec the.. | never be vaccinated w/ rubella...vaccine virus can cross the placent and lead to fetal abnormalities |
| periodic..of rubella amont...put.. | outbreaks...hospital workers..pregnant women at risk |
| rabies virus (rhabdovirus) is a..virus | ss rna containing, enveloped virus |
| the rabies virus is | bullet shaped |
| there is only...and humans are the.. | one serotype of rabies...accidental host |
| rabies virus infects all | warm blooded animasl |
| rabies is transmitted through... | bite of infected animals |
| route for rabies | bite, muscles /ct, peripheralnervous system(replication but no viremia), cns (severe nerve cell damage in the brain) |
| incubation period for rabies is | 2-16 weeks but can last up to 2-3 years |
| symptoms of rabies include | fever, headache, nausea, sneezing, watery eyes |
| rabies victims can also be..and have difficulty in.. | excitable, photophobic...swallowing, drooling, fear of water |
| rabies also causes | seizures, delirium, lapse into coma and death |
| ..of those bitten by a rabid animal get...and of those that are... | 50%...encephalitis...symptomatic, 100% die |
| there have been | four cases of person to person transmission f rabies |
| corneal transplant has | caused rabies |
| if a person was bitten, the animal is...to.. | quarantined for 1-2 weeks...watch for symptoms of rabies |
| if symptoms of rabies develops, the animals | brain tissue is examined for the presence of characteristic negri bodies |
| negri bodies are | inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm ofnervous tissue |
| negri bodies can be seen under...in the cytoplasm of... | light microscope...purkinje cell in a thin section of human cerebellum |
| a special test called..is used to lok at the brain tissue of the... | immunofluorescence...dead animal |
| immunofluourescence tests can be used to check for | rabies in humans, using a piece of skin from the neck |
| treatment after exposure, known as...is highly... | post exposure prophylaxis (pep)...successful in preventing rabies if administered promptly within 6 days after infection |
| pep must consist for over | 28 days |
| pep treatment for rabies involves | wound care, a one time injection of human rabies immune globulin and active immunization w/ a vaccine |
| wound care involves using.. | a soap and a virus killing cleanser ( 70% alcohol and tincture of iodine) |
| human rabies immune globulin provides | rapid, short term protection against rabies |
| active immunization with avaccine for rabies is with the...which is a... | hdcv - human diploid celll vaccine...killed vaccine made in tissue culture |
| the hdcv for rabies is injected in..on.. | five doses...days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 |
| rabies vaccination goes to...and involves ... | veterinarians, park rangers, zoo animal handlers...a booster every 2 years |
| rabies vaccines should also go to | domestic animals |
| wild life rabies control is...and relies on.. | difficult...poisoning or trapping in areas where rabid animals may come in contact w/ humans |
| to fight rabies outbreak, you use... | vaccine laced wild animal cookies |
| arboviruses are...which cause... | arthropod borne viruses...summer diseases |
| arboviruses are | ss rna enveloped viruses |
| ..is the..of arboviruses | humans...accidental host |
| about...of arboviruses exist, including..which got... | 400 types...yellow fever..eliminated exxcept for in some african countries |
| there are...seen in this area, that include... | four types of arboviruses...west nilce, california encephalitis virus, sain louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis |
| west nile virus is spread through...and was originallt found in...and has spread... | mosquito bites...ny city...throughout the entire usa |
| the main hosts or reservoirs for west nile are..and it results in... | crows and robins...20-100 deaths/year |
| california encephalitis virus reservoir is in | small mammals |
| saint louis encephalitis reservoir is in | birds and somtimes cuases death in the elderly |
| eastern equine encephalitis reservoir is in...but from... | birds..horses imported from the east coast |
| ...of those with eastern equine encephalitis virs will...and...is common | 65%..die...mental sequelae |
| arboviruses spread by...and the virus grows in the... | mosquito bites...salivary glands of mosquitos |
| the most effective method of control for arboviruses is through...which is with... | reduction or elimination of mosquitoes...kerosene spray in the summer |
| there is...that has proved... | vaccine for arboviruses...effective |
| rota = ...and rotaviruses cause... | wheel...24 hr stomach bug |
| rotaviruses are...viruses | ds rna (11 segments) naked viruses |
| rotaviruses cause significant...infecting nearly... | gi disease...every child around the globe by the age of 5 years old |
| in the us and worldwide, rotaviruses is the leading cause of..and.. | acute gastroenteritis...50% of all infants get infected |
| incubation time for rotaviruses is | 2 days |
| symptoms of rotaviruses include | fever, vomitting and diarrhea |
| recovery from rotaviruses is...except in.. | normal..malnourished children |
| in malnourished children rotaviruses can result in | death bec of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance |
| there is a...because of rotaviruses | high infant mortality rate in third world countries due to breast milk so you should use formula milk |
| prevention of rotaviruses is with...called.. | 2006 vaccine...rotateq (merck) |
| rotateq is a... | live attenuated pentavalent oral vaccine |
| in developing countries, diarrheal diseases are... | second leading cause of death in infants |
| rotavirus is the most...in.. | common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children worldwide |
| rotavirus accounts for...of nearly.. | 29-45%...2 mil deaths attributed to diarrheal disease |
| an estimated...from rotaviruses each year and more than...are.. | 600,000 children die...2 mil are hospitalized due to the severe dehydration caused by rotavirus infection |
| the rotavirus dease burden falls disproportionately on...where.. | children in developing countries..adequate and timely medical care is often out of reach |
| more than...of rotavirus deaths occur in... | 80%...south asia and sub saharan africaa |
| norovirus is a... | ss rna containing naked capsid virus |
| norovirus causes approx | 90% of epidemic non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis world wide |
| norovirus is responsible for...of... | 50% of food born outbreaks..gastroenteritis in the us |
| norovirus is transmitted...and is a... | fecal orally...highly contagious virus |
| norovirus is especially found on | restaurants, cruise ships and hotels |
| most people recover from noroviruses in..and have.. | 1-2 days..no long term adverse health effects (more severe in very young and very old) |
| there are no | antiviral treatments or vaccines for the illness (norovirus) |
| ..remains an effective mthod to reduce the spread of norovirus infection | hand washing |
| enveloped rna viruses include | hiv, flu, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps , measles, rubella, rhabdovirus, arbovirus |
| nakid capsid rna viruses include | poliovirus,, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus/echoviruses, rotavirus and norovirus |
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handrzej
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