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BI 314 Chapter 7
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alternative splicing | Splicing of RNA transcripts from the same gene in different ways, each of which produces a distinct protein |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | Enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form an aminoacyl-tRNA |
| Anticodon | Sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to the three-nucleotide codon on a messenger RNA molecule; each anticodon is matched to a specific amino acid covalently attached elsewhere on the transfer RNA molecule |
| Codon | Sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA or messenger RNA molecule that represents the instruction for incorporation of a specific amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain |
| Exon | Segment of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA and expressed; dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein |
| Gene expression | The process by which a gene makes its effect on a cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity |
| Genetic code | Set of rules specifying the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in DNA or RNA and amino acids in proteins |
| General transcription factors | Proteins that assemble on the promoters of many eukaryotic genes near the start site of transcription and load the RNA polymerase in the correct position |
| Initiator tRNA | Special tRNA that initiates translation; it always caries the amino acid methionine |
| Intron | Noncoding region of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce mRNA |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Produced by RNA splicing (in eukaryotes) from a larger RNA molecule made by RNA polymerase as a complementary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes |
| Promoter | Nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription |
| Protease | Enzyme such as trypsin that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing some of their peptide bonds |
| Proteasome | Large protein complex in the cytosol that is responsible for degrading cytosolic proteins that have been marked for destruction by ubiquitylation or by some other means |
| Reading frame | The set of successive triplets in which a string of nucleotides is translated into protein. An mRNA molecule is read in one of three possible reading frames, depending on the starting point |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | Any one of a number of specific RNA molecules that form part of the structure of a ribosome and participate in the synthesis of proteins. Often distinguished by their sedimentation coefficient, such as 28S rRNA |
| Ribosome | Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins that associates with messenger RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of protein |
| Ribozyme | An RNA molecule possessing catalytic properties |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule on a DNA template from nucleoside triphosphate precursors |
| RNA processing | Broad term for the modifications that an RNA undergoes as it reaches its mature form. For a eukaryotic mRNA, processing typically includes capping, splicing, and polyadenylation |
| RNA splicing | Process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules in the nucleus during the formation of messenger RNA |
| Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) | RNA molecules of around 200 nucleotides involved in RNA splicing |
| Spliceosome | Large assembly of RNA and protein molecules that splices introns out of pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells |
| Transcription | A process that uses one strand of DNA as the template to synthesize a complementary RNA sequence, sometimes termed the primary transcript, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Set of small RNA molecules used in protein synthesis as an interface (adaptor) between mRNA and amino acids |
| Translation | Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein; occurs on a ribosome |
| Translation initiation factor | Protein that promotes the proper association of ribosome’s with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis |
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