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BI 314 Chapter 5
Key Terms from Essential Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Base pair | Two nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are specifically paired by hydrogen bonds |
| Cell cycle | Reproductive cycle of the cell; the orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two |
| Centromere | Constricted region of a mitotic chromosome that holds sister chromatids together |
| Chromatin | Complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell; the material of which chromosomes are made |
| Chromatin-reducing complex | Enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter histone-DNA interactions in eukaryotic chromosomes; the resulting alteration changes the accessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins, including those involved in transcription |
| Chromosome | Long threadlike structure composed of DNA and associated proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism |
| Complementary | Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units; serves as the cell's store of genetic information that's transmitted from generation to generation |
| Double helix | The typical conformation of a DNA molecule in which two polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base pairing between the strands |
| Epigenetic inheritance | Inherited information that is superimposed on the information inherited in the DNA sequence itself |
| Euchromatin | One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase cell. Characterized by particular histone modifications and associated proteins; in general, the genes are able to be expressed |
| Gene | Region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic of an organism, usually responsible for specifying a single protein or RNA molecule |
| Genome | The total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism (or the DNA molecules that carry this information) |
| Heterochromatin | Region of a chromosome that remains unusually condensed and transcriptionally inactive during interphase |
| Histone | One of a group of abundant basic proteins, rich in arginine and lysine, that are associated with DNA in chromosomes to form nucleosomes |
| Karyotype | A display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size, shape, and number |
| Nucleolus | Large structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled |
| Nucleosome | Beadlike structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins; the fundamental subunit of chromatin |
| Replication origin | Site on a chromosome at which DNA replication begins |
| Telomere | Structure at the ends of linear chromosomes, associated with a characteristic DNA sequence that is replicated in a special way; counteracts the chromosome's tendency to shorten with each round of replication |
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