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AP Biology Ch 47
Campbell Reece
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Preformation | the idea that the egg or spem contains an embryo, a preformed mini infant |
| Cytoplasmic determinant | molecules placed in the egg by the mother, include proteins and RNAs |
| Cell differentiation | process of cell specialization in structure and function |
| Morphogenesis | the process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells occupy their appropriate locations |
| Model Organism | a species that lends itself to the study of a particular question |
| Acrosomal reaction | Reaction begins when a specialized vesicle at the tip of the sperm |
| Acrosome | specialized vesicle at the tip of the sperm |
| Fast block to polyspermy | keeps multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg |
| Cortical granules | vesicles lying beneath the egg plasma membrane. Within seconds after a sperm binds to the egg these versicles fuese with the egg plasma membrane |
| Cortical reaction | Cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane |
| Fertilization envelope | resists entry of additional sperm nuclei |
| Slow Block to Polyspermy | Long term, function between the fertilization envelope and other changes |
| Zona pellucida | The extracellular mextrix of the egg |
| Cleavage | the cells carry out the S (DNA synthesis) and M (mitosis) phases of the cell cycle |
| Blastomeres | Cleavage simply partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells |
| Blastocoel | fully form in the blastula, hollow ball of cells |
| Yolk | stored nutrients |
| Vegetal pole | higher concentration of yolk |
| Animal pole | significantly lower concentration of yolk |
| Gray crescent | light gray region of cytoplasm |
| Holoblastic cleavage | When the blastocoel is centrally located and the cleavage furrow passes all they way through the cells |
| Meroblastic cleavage | incomplete division of a yolk rich egg |
| Gastrulation | group of cells that undergo the morphogenetic process, taking up new locations that will allow the later formation of tissues and organs |
| Gastrula | What the embryo is called during this process |
| Germ layers | the three layers produced by gastrulation are embryonic tissues |
| Ectoderm | forms the outer layer |
| Endoderm | lines the embryonic digestive tract |
| Mesoderm | partly fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm |
| Invagination | The remaining cells near the vegetal pole flatten slightly and form a vegetal plate that buckles inward as a result of cell shape changes |
| Archenteron | Blind ended tube |
| Blastopore | The open end of the archenteron which will become the anus |
| Dorsal Lip | the part above the crease becomes the dorsal side of the blastopore |
| Neural Crest Cells | migrate to various parts of the embryo forming peripheral nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones, and so many other different cell types |
| Somites | Other condensations of cells occur in strips of mesoderm lateral to the notochord |
| Extraembyronic Membranes | membranes located outside the embryo |
| Chorion | completely surrounds the embryo and the other extraembryonic membranes |
| Amnion | eventually encloses the embryo in a protective fluid filled amniotic cavity |
| Yolk Sac | encloses the yolk |
| Allantois | disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchanges |
| Convergent Exension | type of morphogenetic movement in which cells of a tissue layer rearrange themselves so that the sheet becomes narrower |
| Cell adhesion molecules | tansmembrande cell surface proteins that bind to CAMS on other cells |
| Cadherins | require calcium ions outsie the cell for proper function |
| Fate maps | territorial diagrams of embryonic development |
| Totipotent | capable of developing into all the different cell types of that species |
| Pattern formation | the development of an animal's spacial organization, the arragnement of organs and tissues in the characteristic places in three dimensional space |
| Positional information | molecular cues that control pattern formation |
| apical ectodermal ridge | a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of the bud |
| Polarizing activty | a block of mesodermal tissue located underneath the ectoderm where the posterior side of the bud is attached to the body |
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acrippin94
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