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AP Biology Ch 45
Campbell and Reece
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hormone | a molecule that is secreted into the extraceullular fluid, circulates in the blood or hemolymph and communicates regulatory messages throughout the body |
| Nervous System | A network of specialized cells, neurons, that transmit signals along dedicated pathways |
| Endocrine Glands | Secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid. |
| Local regulators | secreted molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion |
| Paracrine | target cells lie near the secreting cell |
| Autocrine | the secreted molecules act on the secreting cell itself |
| Neurohormones | Secrete molecules that diffuse from nerve cell endings into the blood stream . These molecules are a class of hormones |
| Pheromones | Chemicals that are released into the external environment |
| Signal Transduction | Series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response |
| Epinephrine | Secreted by your adrenal glands. Binds G protein coupled receptor in the plasma membrane |
| Cytokines | Polypeptide local regulators which play a role in immune responses |
| Growth Factors | stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
| Nitric Oxice | serves in the body as both a neurotransmitter and local regulator |
| Prostaglandins | modified fatty acids that are a group of local regulators. |
| Pancreas | gland behind the stomach. |
| Negative feedback | a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus |
| Insulin | This is released when blood glucose rises above the set point |
| Glucagon | promotes the release of gluvose into teh blood, increasing the blood glucose concentration |
| Islet of Langerhans | Cluster of endocrine cells, each cluster has alpha cells which make glucagon and beta cells which make insulin |
| Diabetes mellitus | disorder caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues |
| Ecdysone | released by the prothoracic glands, promotes each successive molt as well as the metamorphis of the caterpillar |
| Juvenile hormone | mainatin larval (juvenile) characteristics. Influences development indirectly by modulating the activity of ecdysone. |
| Hypothalamus | receives information from nerves throughout the body and from other parts of the brain |
| Posterior pituitary | extension of the hypothalamus that grows downward toward the mouth during embryonic development. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes two hormones. |
| Anterior Pituitary | Develops from a fold of tissue at the roof of the embryonic mouth, this tissue grows upward toward the brain and eventually loses it connection to the mouth. Hormone released by the hypothalamus regulate secretion of hormones here. |
| Oxytocin | Regulates milk during nursing |
| Tropic hormone | hormone that regulates the function of endocrine cells of glands |
| Three other anterior pituitary hormones | Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| Prolactin (PRL) | major hormone of the anterior pituitary, stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals, regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish |
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone | regulates the activity of pigment containing cells in skin of some amphibians |
| Growth hormone | secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth through tropic and nontropic effects |
| Thyroid gland | two lobes on the ventral surface of the trachea |
| Triiodothyronine | contains three iodine atoms |
| Tetraiodothyrominine or Thryoxine | iodine atoms |
| Parathyroid Glands | set of four small structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid that play a major role in the blood Ca2+ regulation |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Released when the blood Ca2+ falls below a set point |
| Catecholamines | class of amine hormones synthesized from amino acid tyrosine |
| Corticosteriods | Formed when ACTh reaches the adrenal cortex via the bloodstream, it stimulates the endocrine cells |
| Glucocorticoids | primary effect on glucose metabolism. Cause breakdown of muscle proteins |
| Mineralocorticoids | their effect on mineral metabolism act principally in maintaining salt and water balance |
| Androgens | Synthesized by the testes, main one is testosterone |
| Estrogens | Most important is estradiol, responsible for the maintenance of female reproductive system |
| Progestin | including progesterone are primarily involved in preparing and maintain tissues of the uterus |
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acrippin94
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