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AP Biology Ch 44
Campbell Reece AP Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Osmoregulation | The general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss |
| Excretion | the process that rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste |
| Osmolarity | total solute concentration expressed as molarity |
| Osmoconformer | isoosmotic with surroundings |
| Osmoregulator | controls internal osmolarity independent of environment |
| Stenohaline | Most animals cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity |
| Euryhaline | Can survive large fluctuations in external osmolatiry |
| Anhydrobiosis | A few aquatic invertebrates enter a dormant state when their habitats dry up |
| Transport Epithelium | One or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement |
| Ammonia | Enzymes remove nitrogen in this form |
| Urea | Most mammals discrete nitrogenous waste this way |
| Uric Acid | Insects, Land snails, and many reptiles release their nitrogenous waste this way |
| Reabsorption | selective reabsorption recovers useful molecules and water from the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids |
| Protonephridia | (Flat worms)Forms a network of dead end tubules connected to external openings. They branch throughout the body. The beating of the cilia draws water and solutes from the intersitial fluid through the flame bulb releasing it into the tubular network |
| Metanephridia | (Earthworms)excretory organs that open internally to the coelom. Each segment of a worm has a pair of metanephridia immersed in a coelomic fluid. |
| Malpighian Tubules | (Insects and arthopods) Remove nitrogenous waste. Tubulues extend from dead end tips immersed in hemolymph (circulatory fluid) to openings into the digestive tract. |
| Kidneys | Function in both osmoregulation and excretions. In humans each kidney is about 10 cm long and is supplied with blood through the renal artery and drained by the renal vein. |
| Ureter | Duct that urine exits the kidney through |
| Urinary bladder | Both Ureters drain here. |
| Urethra | Urine is expelled this way |
| Glomerulus | Nephron consists of a single long tubule as well as a ball of capillaries |
| Bownman's Capsule | the blind end of the tubule forms a cup shaped swelling |
| Three Major regions of the nephron | Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, the distal tubule |
| Cortical nephrons | short loops of Henle and are almost entirely confined to renal cortex |
| Juxtamedullary nephrons | loops that extend deeply into the renal medulla |
| Afferent arteriole | supplies each nephron with blood |
| Efferent Arteriole | The capillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus |
| Pertibular cappilaries | surround the proximal and distal tubules. |
| Vasa Recta | hairpin shaped capillaries that serve the long loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons |
| From Blood Filtrate to Urine | 1. Proximal Tubule 2. Descending limb of the loop of Henle 3. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle 4. Distal tubule 5. Collecting duct |
| Countercurrent multiplier system | involves the loop of Henle, expends energy to actively transport NaCl from the filtrate int he upper part of the ascending limp of the loop |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | produced in the hypothalamus of the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Increased permeability in collecting duct. |
| Renin Angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) | Regulatory system that helps to maintain homeostasis. |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | specialized tissue located near the afferent arteriole that supplies blood to the golmerulus |
| Angiotensin II | Renin initiates chemical reactions that cleave a plasma protein called giotensinogen which yields this peptide. |
| Aldosterone | Hormone that acts on the nephrons' distal tubules, making them reabsorb more sodium and water increasing blood volume and pressure |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | opposed RAAS, the walls of the atria of the heart release ANP in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure |
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acrippin94
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